Viral Infections in Domestic Animals as Models for Studies of Viral Immunology and Pathogenesis

Ohmann, H. Bielefeldt; Babiuk, Lorne A.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-67-1-1

Cited by 36 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…Viruses are found in all kingdoms of living organisms and are best studied in those that have an applied or medical value ( 1 – 4 , https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ ). In addition to harboring the viruses replicating in eukaryotic cells, all known animals (as well as other multicellular organisms) are associated with specific microbial communities that include viruses infecting their symbiotic microorganisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First evidence of virus-like particles in the bacterial symbionts of Bryozoa

Vishnyakov

Karagodina

Lim-Fong

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Bacteriophage communities associated with humans and vertebrate animals have been extensively studied, but the data on phages living in invertebrates remain scarce. In fact, they have never been reported for most animal phyla. Our ultrastructural study showed for the first time a variety of virus-like particles (VLPs) and supposed virus-related structures inside symbiotic bacteria in two marine species from the phylum Bryozoa, the cheilostomes Bugula neritina and Paralicornia sinuosa. We also documented the effect of VLPs on bacterial hosts: we explain different bacterial ‘ultrastructural types’ detected in bryozoan tissues as stages in the gradual destruction of prokaryotic cells caused by viral multiplication during the lytic cycle. We speculate that viruses destroying bacteria regulate symbiont numbers in the bryozoan hosts, a phenomenon known in some insects. We develop two hypotheses explaining exo- and endogenous circulation of the viruses during the life-cycle of B. neritina. Finally, we compare unusual ‘sea-urchin’-like structures found in the collapsed bacteria in P. sinuosa with so-called metamorphosis associated contractile structures (MACs) formed in the cells of the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea which are known to trigger larval metamorphosis in a polychaete worm.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First evidence of virus-like particles in the bacterial symbionts of Bryozoa

Vishnyakov

Karagodina

Lim-Fong

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Viruses are found in all kingdoms of living organisms and are best studied in those that have an applied or medical value (Ohmann & Babiuk 1986; Woolhouse et al 2012; Johnson et al 2015; Glennon et al 2018; https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/). In addition to harboring the viruses replicating in eukaryotic cells, all known animals (as well as other multicellular organisms) are associated with specific microbial communities that include viruses infecting their symbiotic microorganisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First evidence of virus-like particles in the bacterial symbionts of Bryozoa

Vishnyakov

Karagodina

Lim-Fong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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23Bacteriophage communities associated with humans and vertebrate animals have been 24 extensively studied, but the data on phages living in invertebrates remain scarce. In 25 fact, they have never been reported for most animal phyla. Our ultrastructural study 26 2 showed for the first time a variety of virus-like particles (VLPs) and supposed virus-27 related structures inside symbiotic bacteria in two marine species from the phylum 28 Bryozoa, the cheilostomes Bugula neritina and Paralicornia sinuosa. We also 29 documented the effect of VLPs on bacterial hosts: we explain different bacterial 30 'ultrastructural types' detected in bryozoan tissues as stages in the gradual destruction 31 of prokaryotic cells caused by viral multiplication during the lytic cycle. We speculate 32 that viruses destroying bacteria regulate symbiont numbers in the bryozoan hosts, a 33 phenomenon known in some insects. We develop two hypotheses explaining exo-and 34 endogenous circulation of the viruses during the life-cycle of B. neritina. Finally, we 35 compare unusual 'sea-urchin'-like structures found in the collapsed bacteria in P. 36 sinuosa with so-called metamorphosis associated complexes (MACs) known to trigger 37 larval metamorphosis in a polychaete worm. 38 39 Importance 40 Complex symbiotic systems, including metazoan hosts, their bacterial symbionts and 41 bacteriophages are widely studied using vertebrate models whereas much less is 42 known about invertebrates. Our ultrastructural research revealed replication of the 43 viruses and/or activation of virus related elements in the bacterial symbionts inhabiting 44 tissues of the marine colonial invertebrates (phylum Bryozoa). The virus activity in the 45 bacterial cells that are believed to be transmitted exclusively vertically is of a special 46 importance. In addition, in the bacterial symbionts of one of the bryozoan hosts we 47 observed the massive replication of the structures seemingly related to the 48 Metamorphosis associated complexes (MAC). To our knowledge, MACs were never 49 reported in the animal prokaryotic symbionts. Our findings indicate that Bryozoa may be 50 new suitable model to study the role of bacteriophages and phage-related structures in 51 the complex symbiotic systems hosted by marine invertebrates.52 3In the marine realm, the large variety of viruses are found across diverse taxa, 78 including protists and various invertebrates such as sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, 79 polychaetes, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms (reviewed in Johnson

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Simultaneous expression of CD4 and CD8 antigens by a substantial proportion of resting porcine T lymphocytes

Saalmüller¹,

Reddehase²,

Bühring³

et al. 1987

Eur J Immunol

195

102

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The existence of four subpopulations in resting porcine T lymphocytes is documented. In addition to the two known subpopulations which are typified by a mutually exclusive expression of either the CD8 or the CD4 differentiation antigen, CD4-CD8' and CD4+CD8-T lymphocytes, respectively, two unusual subpopulations were prominent not only in peripheral blood, but also in lymphoid tissues: CD4-CD8-T lymphocytes expressing neither of these antigens and CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes coexpressing both antigens. While CD4+CD8+ lymphoblasts have been found also in other species, resting T lymphocytes with that phenotype are without precedent among all species analyzed to date. This unique composition of the porcine T lymphocyte population has to be taken into consideration when the swine is used as a large animal model in experimental medicine.

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Viral Infections in Domestic Animals as Models for Studies of Viral Immunology and Pathogenesis

Cited by 36 publications

References 87 publications

First evidence of virus-like particles in the bacterial symbionts of Bryozoa

First evidence of virus-like particles in the bacterial symbionts of Bryozoa

First evidence of virus-like particles in the bacterial symbionts of Bryozoa

Simultaneous expression of CD4 and CD8 antigens by a substantial proportion of resting porcine T lymphocytes

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