Viral nervous necrosis in humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis larvae and juveniles in Indonesia.

Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures

“…These include, south and east Asia (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, India, China), Oceania (Australia, Tahiti), the Mediterranean (Israel, Croatia, Bosnia, Greece, Malta, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Tunisia), the UK, Scandinavia (Norway), and North America (USA, Canada) [9,21,25,30,86,94,127]. Betanodavirus infection is one of the most devastating diseases of marine aquaculture and also represents a threat to wild fish populations because of its high infectivity and broad host range [94].…”

Susceptibility of Fish Species Cultured in Mangrove Brackish Area to Piscine Nodavirus

“…Piscine nodavirus infection has been associated with high mortalities in cultured grouper species in Taiwan 4 , Singapore 5 , Thailand 7 , China 9 , and Indonesia 21 . Recently we documented outbreaks of VNN among hatchery-reared larvae of orange-spotted grouper and Asian sea bass in the Philippines 10,11 .…”

Mass Mortalities Associated with Viral Nervous Necrosis in Hatchery-Reared Sea Bass Lates calcarifer in the Philippines

“…In the Asia-Pacific region, piscine nodavirus infection has been associated with high mortalities in cultured species such as sea bass 2,6,10,15,17 and grouper 1,[3][4][5]18 . In the Philippines, the first documented outbreak of VNN occurred in orange-spotted grouper 7 .…”