Virtual Raw Anchor Coordinates: A New Localization Paradigm

Abstract

Abstract.A wide range of applications in wireless sensor networks rely on the location information of the sensing nodes. However, traditional localization techniques are dependent on hardware that is sometimes unavailable (e.g. GPS), or on sophisticated virtual localization calculus which have a costly overhead.Instead of actually localizing nodes in the physical two-dimensional Euclidean space, we use directly the raw distance to a set of anchors to produce multi-dimensional coordinates. We prove that the image of the physical two-dimensional Euclidean space is a two-dimensional surface, and we show that it is possible to adapt geographic routing strategies on this surface, simply, efficiently and successfully.

Greedy Zone Routing: Robust and Scalable Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

“…GLIDER [10], BVR [11] and VRAC [12] share the concept of using the raw measurements from anchor nodes (landmarks or beacons). All these approaches use the hop distances from anchor nodes as the coordinates and define a different distance function than the Euclidean distance, which they use to perform greedy forwarding.…”

Combinatorial Approach for Geographic Routing with Delivery Guarantees

“…It is similar to VCS, as it does not physically related to the geographic locations. Huc et.al have proposed a similar virtual coordinate system which assigns raw distances from anchors as the coordinates; VRAC (Huc et al, 2010). A local routing strategy was proposed for VRAC in (Samarasinghe and Leone, 2012), where geographic primitives were identified (which can be performed locally) to perform classical algorithms like GFG and GPSR over VRAC.…”

Geographic Routing with Minimal Local Geometry

“…It is similar to VCS, as it does not physically related to the geographic locations. Huc et.al have studied its physically consistent counter part with raw distances from anchors as the coordinates; VRAC [10]. Further more they have proposed a combinatorial approach to planarity a network, localized with raw anchor coordinates.…”

“…Virtual Raw Anchor Coordinate system (VRAC), which was introduced in [10], assigns coordinates based on the raw distance measurements from anchor nodes. Use of raw distance measures as its coordinates alleviate several problems associated with other localization schemes like trilateration.…”