Virtual reality and augmented reality— emerging screening and diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology: A systematic review

In, Marco King; Saha, Chinmoy; Poon, Stephanie Hiu Ling; Yiu, Rachel S.; Shih, Kendrick Co; Chan, Yau Kei

doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.02.001

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Apart from the aforementioned, we believe that the development of telemedicine and virtual reality technology will become a hot prospect for ophthalmology and even the whole medical field under the conditions of today’s social communication networks and electronic equipment hardware. There has been some progress in the research of AI and telemedicine ( Nikolaidou and Tsaousis, 2021 ), and the integration with virtual reality technology ( Ma et al, 2022 ) is still on the rise. In addition, glaucoma is a genetically linked genetic disorder and should be subject to early genetic screening and referral for further precise diagnosis and intervention.…”

Section: Limitations and Further Advancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of artificial intelligence in glaucoma diagnosis and prediction

Zhang

Tang

Xia

et al. 2023

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Artificial intelligence is a multidisciplinary and collaborative science, the ability of deep learning for image feature extraction and processing gives it a unique advantage in dealing with problems in ophthalmology. The deep learning system can assist ophthalmologists in diagnosing characteristic fundus lesions in glaucoma, such as retinal nerve fiber layer defects, optic nerve head damage, optic disc hemorrhage, etc. Early detection of these lesions can help delay structural damage, protect visual function, and reduce visual field damage. The development of deep learning led to the emergence of deep convolutional neural networks, which are pushing the integration of artificial intelligence with testing devices such as visual field meters, fundus imaging and optical coherence tomography to drive more rapid advances in clinical glaucoma diagnosis and prediction techniques. This article details advances in artificial intelligence combined with visual field, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography in the field of glaucoma diagnosis and prediction, some of which are familiar and some not widely known. Then it further explores the challenges at this stage and the prospects for future clinical applications. In the future, the deep cooperation between artificial intelligence and medical technology will make the datasets and clinical application rules more standardized, and glaucoma diagnosis and prediction tools will be simplified in a single direction, which will benefit multiple ethnic groups.

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Section: Limitations and Further Advancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of artificial intelligence in glaucoma diagnosis and prediction

Zhang

Tang

Xia

et al. 2023

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…Similarly, home monitoring solutions facilitate patient screening in the comfort of their homes. These systems widely use smartphonebased applications [11] to administer tests or deploy wearables to monitor patients' status continuously [12][13][14]. Wearables are electronic devices that embed sensors to collect patent-specific physiological data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial intelligence enabled smart digital eye wearables

RaviChandran,

Teo,

Ting

2023

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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Purpose of review Smart eyewear is a head-worn wearable device that is evolving as the next phase of ubiquitous wearables. Although their applications in healthcare are being explored, they have the potential to revolutionize teleophthalmology care. This review highlights their applications in ophthalmology care and discusses future scope. Recent findings Smart eyewear equips advanced sensors, optical displays, and processing capabilities in a wearable form factor. Rapid technological developments and the integration of artificial intelligence are expanding their reach from consumer space to healthcare applications. This review systematically presents their applications in treating and managing eye-related conditions. This includes remote assessments, real-time monitoring, telehealth consultations, and the facilitation of personalized interventions. They also serve as low-vision assistive devices to help visually impaired, and can aid physicians with operational and surgical tasks. Summary Wearables such as smart eyewear collects rich, continuous, objective, individual-specific data, which is difficult to obtain in a clinical setting. By leveraging sophisticated data processing and artificial intelligence based algorithms, these data can identify at-risk patients, recognize behavioral patterns, and make timely interventions. They promise cost-effective and personalized treatment for vision impairments in an effort to mitigate the global burden of eye-related conditions and aging.

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“…Several advantages of VR headsets compared to other testing methods have been proposed 8 . They have immersive screens that encompass the visual field and can potentially reduce the effects of external sources of straylight and visual distractors (though internal reflections are likely to remain).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 Several advantages of VR headsets compared to other testing methods have been proposed. 8 They have…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing a head‐mounted virtual reality perimeter and the Humphrey Field Analyzer for visual field testing in healthy and glaucoma patients

Phu,

Wang,

Kalloniatis

2023

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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PurposeTo compare clinical visual field outputs in glaucoma and healthy patients returned by the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) and virtual reality (Virtual Field, VF) perimetry.MethodsOne eye of 54 glaucoma patients and 41 healthy subjects was prospectively tested (three times each in random order) using the HFA and VF perimeters (24‐2 test grids). We extracted and compared global indices (mean deviation [MD] and pattern standard deviation [PSD]), pointwise sensitivity (and calculated ‘equivalent’ sensitivity after accounting for differences in background luminance) and pointwise defects. Bland–Altman (mean difference [Mdiff] and 95% limits of agreement [LoA]) and intraclass correlation analyses were performed.ResultsThe VF test was shorter (by 76 s) and had lower fixation losses (by 0.08) and false‐positive rate (by 0.01) compared to the HFA (all p < 0.0001). Intraclass correlations were 0.86, 0.82 and 0.47 for MD, PSD and pointwise sensitivity between devices, respectively. Test–retest variability was higher for VF (Mdiff 0.3 dB, LoA −7.6 to 8.2 dB) compared to the HFA (Mdiff −0.3 dB, LoA −6.4 to 5.9 dB), indicating greater test–retest variability. When using each device's underlying normative database, the HFA detected, on average, 7 more defects (at the p < 0.05 level) out of the 52 test locations compared to this iteration of VF in the glaucoma cohort.ConclusionsVirtual Field returns global results that are correlated with the HFA, but pointwise sensitivities were more variable. Differences in test–retest variability and defect detection by its current normative database raise questions about the widespread adoption of VF in lieu of the HFA.

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Virtual reality and augmented reality— emerging screening and diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology: A systematic review

Cited by 35 publications

References 54 publications

The application of artificial intelligence in glaucoma diagnosis and prediction

The application of artificial intelligence in glaucoma diagnosis and prediction

Artificial intelligence enabled smart digital eye wearables

Comparing a head‐mounted virtual reality perimeter and the Humphrey Field Analyzer for visual field testing in healthy and glaucoma patients

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