Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation of Cognitive Impairment after Stroke

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) is seen by some as a tool that may greatly improve, or even revolutionize cognitive rehabilitation. VR offers distinct advantages compared to classic rehabilitation using paper-and-pencil or computer-based training, such as immersion, the feeling of presence, embodiment of virtual players, ecological and multisensory stimulation. We here review recent clinical studies examining the effects of VR training in patients with stroke-induced cognitive deficits. Several trials reported evidence that VR training improves general cognition compared to standard cognitive training. However, the evidence remains controversial, as some of these studies had a high risk of bias. Regarding mood, there is some indication that immersive training improves depression scores in stroke patients, but the number of studies examining mood changes is very low. Finally, in the domain of spatial cognition the development of specific intervention techniques such as virtual prism adaptation provide avenues for clinical interventions, though well-controlled clinical trials are lacking. Together, the available evidence suggests that VR has the potential to improve rehabilitation particularly in domains requiring repetitive training in an immersed, ecological setting, or when a mismatch between body frames and the environment is created. Controlled clinical studies are required to examine the specific advantages of VR compared to classic interventions.

Visual tracking of a moving target in 360-degree virtual reality: Analysis of the effects on attention and mood

“…In addition, there are already rst ndings regarding the Helix-Arena. In general, current studies did not unanimously nd an advantage of VR training over standard therapies, but this approach appears promising appears (Bourgeois et al 2023, Khan et al 2021). The Helix-Arena is a novel tool that allows VR training in a 360 degree environment and rst results show a small but signi cant correlation between multiple object tracking performance and visuospatial attention (Ehman et al, 2021)..…”

Rehabilitation of Memory Disorders

“…Virtual reality is another tool increasingly used in cognitive rehabilitation [37]. Its role for the rehabilitation of memory disorders is not yet clear.…”

“…Training of habits and procedures, supported by the use of external aids, may allow achieving this goal. Virtual reality may offer new, motivating ways to verify and train capacities essential for daily functioning [37,40]. In any case, the rehabilitation of memory disorders needs to be adapted to every patient's individual capacities and needs.…”