Virtual Screening Using a Ligand-based Pharmacophore Model from Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei K.) Isolates and Molecular Docking to Obtained New Candidates as -Glucosidase Inhibitors

Abstract

Globally, about 422 million people have diabetes, with the majority living in low-and middle-income countries. Diabetes caused 1.5 million deaths in 2019. 3 Diabetes was the direct cause of 1.5 million deaths in 2019, and 48 % of all deaths due to diabetes occurred before the age of 70 years. Another 460,000 kidney disease deaths were caused by diabetes, and raised blood glucose causes around 20 % of cardiovascular deaths. 4 These statistics highlight the significant impact of DM on individuals and society. The high prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes underscores the need for effective prevention and management strategies. The total number of people living with diabetes is projected to rise to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045. 5 Over 90 % of people with diabetes have Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which is driven by socioeconomic, demographic, environmental, and genetic factors. These statistics highlight the significant impact of T2DM on individuals and society. The high prevalence of T2DM underscores the need for effective prevention and management strategies. Acarbose is a pharmacological therapy for T2DM that works by inhibiting the α-glucosidase enzyme. Acarbose is approved for treating adults with T2DM as an adjunct to diet only or diet and exercise, depending on the patient's health status. 6 Acarbose is not a highly effective agent when used as monotherapy, but it is commonly used in