Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant against feline calicivirus: A surrogate for norovirus

Jiménez, Luís Carlos Villamil; Chiang, Michael F.

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2005.11.009

Cited by 56 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In general, hypochlorite (bleach) solutions of at least 1,000 ppm are the preferred disinfectants for contaminated surfaces and objects and must be used for an appropriate contact time (233,266,267). Quaternary ammonium compounds are also under investigation but have been somewhat less effective than bleach solutions (234,267). Both the type of sanitizer and method of application can have an impact on virucidal success (268).…”

Section: Environmental Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large proportion of the evidence on environmental disinfection is derived from studies using FCV or other surrogate viruses, and direct correlation with success in disinfecting human noroviruses is unknown (233,265). In general, hypochlorite (bleach) solutions of at least 1,000 ppm are the preferred disinfectants for contaminated surfaces and objects and must be used for an appropriate contact time (233,266,267). Quaternary ammonium compounds are also under investigation but have been somewhat less effective than bleach solutions (234,267).…”

Section: Environmental Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norovirus

2015

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SUMMARY Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae , is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.

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Section: Environmental Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus

2015

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“…Table 3 lists studies showing formulations registered for norovirus efficacy. When registered QAC formulations were used, efficacy was demonstrated (11,12). Efficacy is also dependent not only on the target organism(s) but also on the method of application.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quaternary Ammonium Biocides: Efficacy in Application

Gerba

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

461

320

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Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are among the most commonly used disinfectants. There has been concern that their widespread use will lead to the development of resistant organisms, and it has been suggested that limits should be place on their use. While increases in tolerance to QACs have been observed, there is no clear evidence to support the development of resistance to QACs. Since efflux pumps are believe to account for at least some of the increased tolerance found in bacteria, there has been concern that this will enhance the resistance of bacteria to certain antibiotics. QACs are membrane-active agents interacting with the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and lipids of viruses. The wide variety of chemical structures possible has seen an evolution in their effectiveness and expansion of applications over the last century, including non-lipid-containing viruses (i.e., noroviruses). Selection of formulations and methods of application have been shown to affect the efficacy of QACs. While numerous laboratory studies on the efficacy of QACs are available, relatively few studies have been conducted to assess their efficacy in practice. Better standardized tests for assessing and defining the differences between increases in tolerance versus resistance are needed. The ecological dynamics of microbial communities where QACs are a main line of defense against exposure to pathogens need to be better understood in terms of sublethal doses and antibiotic resistance.

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“…Previously published results may be controversial, reporting a significant effect either on MNV or FCV infectious titres (Doultree et al 1999;Jimenez and Chiang 2006;Belliot et al 2008;Girard et al 2010;Whitehead and McCue 2010;Su and D'Souza 2012). These apparently contradictory results could be explained by the biocide concentrations, the kind of QAC, the contact time and the nature of the surfaces tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%