Virucidal Activity of Microbicides

Maillard, Jean‐Yves; Sattar, Syed A.; Pinto, Federica

doi:10.1002/9781118425831.ch9

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 318 publications

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“…Small, non-enveloped viruses are considered to be less susceptible to microbicides, although these viruses display increased susceptibility to high pH, oxidizers such as sodium hypochlorite, activated hydrogen peroxide, alcohols, and a variety of microbicidal actives, relative to spores and protozoan cysts/oocysts. Mycobacteria, fungi, vegetative bacteria, and enveloped viruses appear to be more susceptible to certain formulated microbicides, such as alcohols, oxidizers, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), and phenolics (e.g., p -chloro- m -xylenol (PCMX)) ( Klein & Deforest, 1983 ; Sattar et al, 1989 ; McDonnell & Russell, 1999 ; Rabenau et al, 2005 ; Sattar, 2007 ; Ijaz & Rubino, 2008 ; Geller, Varbanov & Duval, 2012 ; Maillard, Sattar & Pinto, 2013 ; Cook et al, 2015 , 2016 ; Cutts et al, 2018 , 2019 , 2020 ; Rutala et al, 2019 ; Weber et al, 2019 ; Chin et al, 2020 ; Kampf et al, 2020 ; O’Donnell et al, 2020 ; Senghore et al, 2020 ; Vaughan et al, 2020 ; Yu et al, 2020 ). A number of commercially available formulated microbicides (antiseptic liquid, hand sanitizers, liquid hand wash, bar soap, surface cleanser, disinfectant wipe, and disinfectant spray) have been evaluated for virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 ( Ijaz et al, 2020 ), and as expected, were found to cause complete inactivation (3.0–4.7 log 10 ) within the 1–5 min contact times tested.…”

Section: Hierarchy Of Susceptibility Of Pathogens Including Sars-cov-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses

Ijaz

Sattar

Rubino

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan City, China, late in December 2019 is an example of an emerging zoonotic virus that threatens public health and international travel and commerce. When such a virus emerges, there is often insufficient specific information available on mechanisms of virus dissemination from animal-to-human or from person-to-person, on the level or route of infection transmissibility or of viral release in body secretions/excretions, and on the survival of virus in aerosols or on surfaces. The effectiveness of available virucidal agents and hygiene practices as interventions for disrupting the spread of infection and the associated diseases may not be clear for the emerging virus. In the present review, we suggest that approaches for infection prevention and control (IPAC) for SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging/re-emerging viruses can be invoked based on pre-existing data on microbicidal and hygiene effectiveness for related and unrelated enveloped viruses.

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Section: Hierarchy Of Susceptibility Of Pathogens Including Sars-cov-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses

Ijaz

Sattar

Rubino

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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“…Generally, the mechanisms of action of disinfectants against viruses have not been fully elucidated [ 7 ]. It is possible, however, that QACs disrupt the viral lipid envelope by their surfactant action, and that chlorine-based disinfectants denature viral proteins by the action of free chlorine.…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1

Tsujimura

Murase

Bannai

et al. 2015

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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We investigated the influences of various reaction conditions on equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) disinfection by 5 commercial disinfectants (3 quaternary ammonium compounds [QACs] and 2 chlorine-based disinfectants) and 1 anionic surfactant. QACs at their highest recommended concentrations had no virucidal effect on EHV-1 with a 10-min reaction time at 0°C or a 1-min reaction time at room temperature. Chlorine-based disinfectants achieved EHV-1 disinfection with a 10-min reaction time at −10°C or a 30-sec reaction time at room temperature. In the presence of 5% fetal bovine serum, QACs (except for benzalkonium chloride) showed more stable virucidal effects than did chlorine-based disinfectants. The virucidal effect of the anionic surfactant was almost equivalent to that of the QACs.

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“…; see Table S1) are usually applied. This would mean, that even a four to five log reduction due to disinfection would still leave 10 4 PFU residues, which could persist in the food production environment [57,109,110,111]. Second, as mentioned before, the fact that most current commercial phage products use phages belonging to the order of Caudovirales , which are non-enveloped phages, casts some doubt regarding the efficacy of disinfectant measures usually designed against bacteria or enveloped viruses that are easier to inactivate.…”

Section: Commercial Phage Products Their Application Field and Lementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The persistence of phages can be traced back to their high physicochemical stability against environmental influences, such as pH, temperature, salinity, UV-light or commonly used disinfectants [47,48,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]. In general, most phages are stable at high salt concentrations up to 4.5 M NaCl [48,59] as well as in the pH range between pH 4 to pH 10 [48,50,59,60,61,62], however there are notable exceptions and for instance the phage P100 was reported to withstand one hour of incubation at ≤pH 2 and ≥12 [48].…”

Section: Introduction—advantages and Disadvantages Of Commerciallymentioning

confidence: 99%

Don’t Shut the Stable Door after the Phage Has Bolted—The Importance of Bacteriophage Inactivation in Food Environments

Sommer

Trautner

Witte

et al. 2019

Viruses

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In recent years, a new potential measure against foodborne pathogenic bacteria was rediscovered—bacteriophages. However, despite all their advantages, in connection to their widespread application in the food industry, negative consequences such as an uncontrolled phage spread as well as a development of phage resistant bacteria can occur. These problems are mostly a result of long-term persistence of phages in the food production environment. As this topic has been neglected so far, this article reviews the current knowledge regarding the effectiveness of disinfectant strategies for phage inactivation and removal. For this purpose, the main commercial phage products, as well as their application fields are first discussed in terms of applicable inactivation strategies and legal regulations. Secondly, an overview of the effectiveness of disinfectants for bacteriophage inactivation in general and commercial phages in particular is given. Finally, this review outlines a possible strategy for users of commercial phage products in order to improve the effectiveness of phage inactivation and removal after application.

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Virucidal Activity of Microbicides

Cited by 14 publications

References 318 publications

Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses

Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging/re-emerging viruses

Efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1

Don’t Shut the Stable Door after the Phage Has Bolted—The Importance of Bacteriophage Inactivation in Food Environments

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