Virucidal effects of glucose oxidase and peroxidase or their protein conjugates on human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Abstract

Glucose oxidase and peroxidase (lactoperoxidase or myeloperoxidase) are virucidal to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the presence of sodium iodide, as assessed by the loss of viral replication in a syncytium-forming assay or by the inhibition of cytopathic effects on infected cells. In the presence of low concentrations of sodium iodide, five HlV-1 isolates were equally susceptible to this virucidal system at enzyme concentrations of a few milliunits. The loss ofviral replication was linearly related to the time of incubation in the enzyme solutions, with an inactivation rate of 1 log unit every 30 min. These enzymes and this halide were also cytotoxic to chronically infected, but not to uninfected, cultured CEM cells. Protein conijugates were prepared by using the enzymes and murine antibody 105.34, which recognized the V3 loop of H1V-i LAT isolate surface glycoprotein, or recombinant human CD4. The protein conjugates inactivated free virus at rates similar to those of the free enzymes and were more effective than antibody or recombinant CD4 alone. These in vitro findings demonstrate that the peroxidase-H202-halide system provides potent virucidal activity against HIV-1.

Virucidal effect of myeloperoxidase on human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected T cells

“…We previously showed that cell-free HIV-1 is sensitive to inactivation by the peroxidase-H202-halide system (25). An H202 source was found to be essential to inactivate cell-free HIV (15).…”

“…In our earlier assay (25), 0.07 U of peroxidase was equivalent to 1 U of peroxidase in the present assay. There was no loss of MPO activity after incubation for 3 days at 37°C in RPMI 1640-FCS; 90.3% of the starting LPO activity remained after 6 days.…”

“…We (25) and others (5,13,14,18) Enzymes. LPO from bovine milk (Mr, 78,000; 164 U/mg) was from Biozyme (Gwent, United Kingdom).…”

Bioactive Compounds of Colostrum and Its Application

“…Milk lysozyme is active against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which are completely resistant to egg white lysozyme. (27) The presence of lactoferrin enhances the antibacterial activity of lysozyme against E. coli, (18) which also supports the hypothesis that lactoferrin damages the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Several genes encoding lysozymes (28,29) have been found in cow, and the purified lysozymes from cow kidney and stomach are different from cow's milk lysozyme.…”

“…Colostrum is rich in antimicrobial components such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, and immunoglobulins. Lactoferrin exhibits antagonistic properties against activities against various bacteria and Candida albicans, (18,21,22) and the interaction of lactoferrin with the cell surface is necessary for antimicrobial activity. These results suggest that lactoferrin exerts its antimicrobial activity by modifying bacterial cell membranes.…”