Virucidal Efficacy of Blue LED and Far-UVC Light Disinfection against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus as a Model for SARS-CoV-2

Gardner, Amanda; Ghosh, Sayani; Dunowska, Magdalena; Brightwell, Gale

doi:10.3390/v13081436

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The required log irradiation doses for this bovine coronavirus noted here were about an order of magnitude higher than results for SARS-CoV-2 [26,27] and about a factor of 2.5 higher than the results for feline infectious peritonitis virus, another animal coronavirus [54]. However, our determined log reduction doses seem to be roughly in the same order of magnitude than the recent results of Enwemeka et al, who irradiated the human coronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 with pulsed violet and blue light and observed a 2.37 and 1.46 log reduction with pulsed 405 nm irradiation, respectively [55].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

2021

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It has been proven that visible light with a wavelength of about 405 nm exhibits an antimicrobial effect on bacteria and fungi if the irradiation doses are high enough. Hence, the question arises as to whether this violet light would also be suitable to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses. Therefore, a high-intensity light source was developed and applied to irradiate bovine coronaviruses (BCoV), which are employed as SARS-CoV-2 surrogates for safety reasons. Irradiation is performed in virus solutions diluted with phosphate buffered saline and on steel surfaces. Significant virus reduction by several log levels was observed both in the liquid and on the surface within half an hour with average log reduction doses of 57.5 and 96 J/cm2, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that 405 nm irradiation has an antiviral effect on coronaviruses, but special attention should be paid to the presence of photosensitizers in the virus environment in future experiments. Technically, visible violet radiation is therefore suitable for coronavirus reduction, but the required radiation doses are difficult to achieve rapidly.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

2021

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“…For example, LED devices emitting visible light in the range of 400-420 nm, 430-460 nm, or 500-780 nm can inactivate a variety of bacteria and effectively inactivate influenza virus (Maclean et al, 2008). Gardner et al have found that irradiation with a wavelength of 405 nm of 16.8 mW/cm 2 -20.8 mW/cm 2 has an inactivation effect on the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) (Gardner et al, 2021). Considering that strong light intensity may affect the quality of food (Glowacz et al, 2015), we used LED visible light with wavelengths of 450 nm to 780 nm and a light irradiance of 4 mW/cm 2 for the inactivation light source, which effectively decontaminated and degraded the genomic RNA of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus on the PE package surface in a frozen environment (Figure 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain transportation environments and the efficacy of disinfection measures

Peng

Lin

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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BackgroundLow temperature is conducive to the survival of COVID-19. Some studies suggest that cold-chain environment may prolong the survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and increase the risk of transmission. However, the effect of cold-chain environmental factors and packaging materials on SARS-CoV-2 stability remains unclear.MethodsThis study aimed to reveal cold-chain environmental factors that preserve the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and further explore effective disinfection measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the cold-chain environment. The decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in the cold-chain environment, on various types of packaging material surfaces, i.e., polyethylene plastic, stainless steel, Teflon and cardboard, and in frozen seawater was investigated. The influence of visible light (wavelength 450 nm-780 nm) and airflow on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus at -18°C was subsequently assessed.ResultsExperimental data show that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus decayed more rapidly on porous cardboard surfaces than on nonporous surfaces, including polyethylene (PE) plastic, stainless steel, and Teflon. Compared with that at 25°C, the decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus was significantly lower at low temperatures. Seawater preserved viral stability both at -18°C and with repeated freeze−thaw cycles compared with that in deionized water. Visible light from light-emitting diode (LED) illumination and airflow at -18°C reduced SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus stability.ConclusionOur studies indicate that temperature and seawater in the cold chain are risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and LED visible light irradiation and increased airflow may be used as disinfection measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the cold-chain environment.

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“…(30) recently demonstrated successful reductions in SARS‐COV‐2 upon exposure to low irradiance (0.035–0.6 mW cm −2 ) 405‐nm light, and additionally highlighted the increased susceptibility of lipid‐enveloped viruses in comparison with non‐enveloped viruses (identical irradiations achieved 2.3 log 10 reductions in SARS‐COV‐2 after 8 h and just 0.1 log 10 reductions in a non‐enveloped RNA virus after 24 h); suggesting the lipid envelope itself may instigate ROS production. Other studies have similarly demonstrated the susceptibility of SARS‐CoV‐2, or an appropriate surrogate, to 405‐nm light inactivation presented on surfaces and in liquid media, both in the presence and absence of photosensitizers (31–35). Although highly encouraging, these studies have primarily demonstrated inactivation using 405‐nm light at high irradiances (≥78.6 mW cm −2 ) or at low irradiances delivered at a very short distance (~2.3–25.4 cm) from the sample surface (30–35), however, it is of great importance to determine whether inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2 can be achieved under conditions which more accurately represent those which would be safely and practically implemented for environmental decontamination of communal areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Viricidal Efficacy of a 405‐nm Environmental Decontamination System for Inactivation of Bacteriophage Phi6: Surrogate for SARS‐CoV‐2

Sinclair

Ilieva

Morris

et al. 2023

Photochem & Photobiology

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The highly transmittable nature of SARS-CoV-2 has increased the necessity for novel strategies to safely decontaminate public areas. This study investigates the efficacy of a low irradiance 405-nm light environmental decontamination system for the inactivation of bacteriophage phi6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Bacteriophage phi6 was exposed to increasing doses of low irradiance (~0.5 mW cm À2 ) 405nm light while suspended in SM buffer and artificial human saliva at low (~10 3-4 PFU mL À1 ) and high (~10 7-8 PFU mL À1 ) seeding densities, to determine system efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation and establish the influence of biologically relevant suspension media on viral susceptibility. Complete/near-complete (≥99.4%) inactivation was demonstrated in all cases, with significantly enhanced reductions observed in biologically relevant media (P < 0.05). Doses of 43.2 and 172.8 J cm À2 were required to achieve ~3 log 10 reductions at low density, and 97.2 and 259.2 J cm À2 achieved ~6 log 10 reductions at high density, in saliva and SM buffer, respectively: 2.6-4 times less dose was required when suspended in saliva compared to SM buffer. Comparative exposure to higher irradiance (~50 mW cm À2 ) 405-nm light indicated that, on a per unit dose basis, 0.5 mW cm À2 treatments were capable of achieving up to 5.8 greater log 10 reductions with up to 28-fold greater germicidal efficiency than that of 50 mW cm À2 treatments. These findings establish the efficacy of low irradiance 405-nm light systems for inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and demonstrate the significant enhancement in susceptibility when suspended in saliva, which is a major vector in COVID-19 transmission.

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Virucidal Efficacy of Blue LED and Far-UVC Light Disinfection against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus as a Model for SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 11 publications

References 56 publications

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain transportation environments and the efficacy of disinfection measures

Viricidal Efficacy of a 405‐nm Environmental Decontamination System for Inactivation of Bacteriophage Phi6: Surrogate for SARS‐CoV‐2

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