“…In favorable conditions, PM infection could cause yield losses of up to 62% in many wheat planting areas ( Costamilan, 2005 ; Maxwell et al., 2009 ; El-Shamy et al., 2012 ; Huang et al., 2013 ). Recently, PM was reported to occur annually in Egyptian fields and is considered more dangerous than rusts that have been effectively controlled ( El-Shamy and Mohamed, 2022 ). Few efforts have been made to control such a serious disease in Egyptian fields.…”