Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Cronobacter sakazakii and Enterobacter spp. Involved in the Diarrheic Hemorrhagic Outbreak in Mexico

Parra‐Flores, Julio; Aguirre, Juan; Juneja, Vijay K.; Jackson, Emily E.; Cruz‐Córdova, Ariadnna; Silva-Sánchez, Jesús; Forsythe, Stephen J.

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02206

Cited by 41 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This was also in agreement with a study conducted by Hochel, et al and Lee, et al that indicated Cronobacter sakazakii was the most prevalent species recovered from food sam-tural changes that are tolerant of hostile conditions such as antibiotics, sanitizing agents, and host immune systems [20]. Cronobacter sakazakii is resistant to many antibiotics such as ampicillin, cefotaxime, cephalothin, and ceftriaxone [21]. Therefore, biofilm formation along with antibiotic resistance becomes an escalating problem in health sector.…”

Section: Infant Food Contamination By Cronobacter Sakazakiisupporting

confidence: 90%

“…A study conducted by Parra-Flores, et al confirmed that Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from powdered infant formula were more invasive than other Enterobacter spp. which might be the attributes of virulence factors [21]. New and novel virulence factors known as labp have been discovered in Cronobacter sakazakii that promote the production of lipid A by using a binding partner called LpxA [65].…”

Section: Cronobacter Sakazakii and Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cronobacter sakazakii showed multidrug resistance to some antibiotics [68]. A study conducted by Parra-Flores, et al revealed that all isolated strains of Cronobacter sakazakii showed resistance to more than one antibiotic [21]. Biofilm formation and multiple antibiotic resistance were highly interconnected irrespective of the source, type, and environment of the isolates [19].…”

Section: Biofilm Formation By Cronobacter Sakazakii and Its Role In Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As indicated on Figure 3 extrinsic contamination can occur when contaminated utensils such as spoons, blenders, bottles, teats are used for reconstituting or feeding PIF, or contamination may occur from the preparation environment [34]. Cronobacter sakazakii can cause infection via contaminated expressed breast milk, and it has been recovered from neonatal feeding tubes of neonates [21] (Figure 3). Therefore, we can infer that materials that we used for Even if this threatens infants worldwide, the severity is very high in developing nations where antibiotics were used wrongly [61].…”

Section: Resistance Of Cronobacter Sakazakii To Hostile Environmentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2020

Int J Pediatr Res

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Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes diseases like meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bacteremia in immunocompromised, low weight individuals, neonates, infants, and elders. Cronobacter sakazakii has the ability to persist in extremely dried foods such as powdered infant formula (PIF). Infant food contamination by this bacterium is attributed to biofilm which are microbial communities attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces using a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Cronobacter sakazakii can form biofilms on food, food processing surfaces, and equipment that leads cross-contamination. Cronobacter sakazakii also showed multidrug resistance to some antibiotics. Biofilm formation accompanied by antibiotic resistance is worrisome for medication. Therefore, to prevent or reduce risk contamination infant food companies, health sectors, caregivers, aid providers, and other concerned bodies must be informed and alerted about this hidden bacterium. Thus, this review article gives a brief overview of the role of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant food contamination and its survival strategies in hostile conditions

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Section: Infant Food Contamination By Cronobacter Sakazakiisupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Cronobacter Sakazakii and Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biofilm Formation By Cronobacter Sakazakii and Its Role In Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resistance Of Cronobacter Sakazakii To Hostile Environmentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2020

Int J Pediatr Res

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“…So, PIFs were regarded as predominant sources of Cronobacter infections (Jason 2012) and the most likely media of transmission associated with hospital outbreaks (van Acker et al 2001). Cronobacter contamination has been repeatedly found in PIF and factories producing it, and in the ingredients used to make PIF and factories processing these ingredients (Parra-Flores et al 2018;Reich et al 2010). During the processing, PIF is not sterile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a simultaneous amplification and testing (SAT) system based fluorescence real-time isothermal RNA amplification for rapid detection of Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula

Wu¹,

Song²,

Xiaoping³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Contamination of Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formulas is a severe food safety problem. The present study developed a rapid and sensitive Simultaneous Amplification and Testing (SAT) system for the detection of Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula. SAT detection system is based on fluorescence real-time isothermal RNA amplification and mainly includes pre-enrichment, RNA isolation and detection by fluorescence real-time RNA isothermal amplification. The amplification targets 16 s/23 s rRNA for the specific detection and rapid identification of Cronobacter spp. and can accurately detect viable strains in infant formulas and other food products. Here, six C. sakazakii strains and 25 references strains were examined using one pair of primers, having the accuracy of 100% in reference to conventional methods like ISO-IDF 22964 and real-time PCR. The SAT assay was proved to be highly sensitive with a detection limit of 102 CFU/mL without pre-enrichment for powdered infant formula. After 3 h, 4 h and 8 h enrichment, the sensitivity was increased up to 100, 10− 1 and 10− 3 CFU/mL of Cronobacter spp., respectively. The SAT system including pre-enrichment performed for Cronobacter spp. detection was less than 4 h, dramatically shortened, in comparison to several days using standard culturing method and overnight using pre-enrichment real-time PCR method. And more importantly, the SAT assay can accurately distinguish viable strains from the dead one. Taken together, the SAT assay combined with pre-enrichment established in the present study should provide a rapid, sensitive, efficient and specific method for direct detection of Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula. Moreover, a full automatic food-borne pathogenic bacteria detector was developed based on the SAT assay.

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