Virulence and Immunogenic Activities of<i>B. Typhosus</i>in Relation to its Antigenic Constituents

Félix, Arthur; Pitt, R. M.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400032459

Cited by 51 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The possession of T antigen by these strains was also readily demonstrated by immunization of rabbits and by absorption experiments. A similar blocking of the agglutination reactions due to one antigen by the presence of another has been observed with other bacteria, for example, with the Vi antigen of the typhoid bacillus (3)(4)(5). Blocking of M agglutination reactions in type 1 has been previously reported (1).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Studies on the Antigenic Composition of Group a Hemolytic Streptococci

Lancefield

Stewart

1944

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Previous studies on the antigenic composition of group A hemolytic streptococci have shown that the majority of matt variants contain at least two antigens related to type-specificity and designated as M and T (1). In a preceding paper, a new method of separating these two antigens was described (2). It was found that short exposure of group A streptococci to the action of proteotytic enzymes destroyed the M substance but left the T substance apparently analtered. In most instances, therefore, immunization of rabbits with enzymetreated streptococci led to the production of T antibodies. In the case of certain strains, however, the injection of suspensions so treated failed to induce the formation of T antibodies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Studies on the Antigenic Composition of Group a Hemolytic Streptococci

Lancefield

Stewart

1944

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…E. faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus). Finally, similar attenuation of E. coli K12 and E. coli ECOR 10 suggests that fecal pathogens, which are typically smooth strains (Felix and Pitt, 1935), would be as effectively removed as our model indicator E. coli K12. Overall, these results are promising for the application of Fe-EC to drinking water or wastewater treatment.…”

Section: Attenuation Of Different Types Of Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 80%

Bacteria attenuation by iron electrocoagulation governed by interactions between bacterial phosphate groups and Fe(III) precipitates

et al. 2016

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Iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) is a low-cost process in which Fe(II) generated from an Fe(0) anode reacts with dissolved O2 to form (1) Fe(III) precipitates with an affinity for bacterial cell walls and (2) bactericidal reactive oxidants. Previous work suggests that Fe-EC is a promising treatment option for groundwater containing arsenic and bacterial contamination. However, the mechanisms of bacteria attenuation and the impact of major groundwater ions are not well understood. In this work, using the model indicator Escherichia coli (E. coli), we show that physical removal via enmeshment in EC precipitate flocs is the primary process of bacteria attenuation in the presence of HCO3(-), which significantly inhibits inactivation, possibly due to a reduction in the lifetime of reactive oxidants. We demonstrate that the adhesion of EC precipitates to cell walls, which results in bacteria encapsulation in flocs, is driven primarily by interactions between EC precipitates and phosphate functional groups on bacteria surfaces. In single solute electrolytes, both P (0.4 mM) and Ca/Mg (1-13 mM) inhibited the adhesion of EC precipitates to bacterial cell walls, whereas Si (0.4 mM) and ionic strength (2-200 mM) did not impact E. coli attenuation. Interestingly, P (0.4 mM) did not affect E. coli attenuation in electrolytes containing Ca/Mg, consistent with bivalent cation bridging between bacterial phosphate groups and inorganic P sorbed to EC precipitates. Finally, we found that EC precipitate adhesion is largely independent of cell wall composition, consistent with comparable densities of phosphate functional groups on Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells. Our results are critical to predict the performance of Fe-EC to eliminate bacterial contaminants from waters with diverse chemical compositions.

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“…This investigation included a study of seven strains of varied virulence and it was found that, as measured by active-immunity mouse-protection tests and by "0" agglutinin and mouse-protective antibody responses in human volunteers, vaccines prepared from virulent strains were more highly immunogenic than were those prepared from avirulent strains. Felix (7) likewise reported that highly virulent strains of S. typhosa exhibited the greatest immunizing activity. He placed major emphasis on the r61e played by Vi antigen both in virulence and in immunogenicity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Virulence and Immunogenicity of Strains Derived From Salmonella Typhosa 58 (Panama Carrier)

Batson¹,

Landy²,

Brown³

1950

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Since the early days of immunology, it has been considered that high virulence and recency of isolation from pathological material were essential attributes of strains of bacteria to be used in production of superior immunizing agents. In spite of a surprising paucity of supporting factual information this concept has pesisted.Perhaps in no field of investigative immunology has the theory of an essential relationship of virulence to immunogenicity been accepted more widely than it has been in relation to the development of immunizing agents against typhoid. As early as 1910, Leishman (1) pointed out that employment of highly virulent cultures of Salmonella typhosa appeared to have certain theoretical advantages in the preparation of typhoid vaccines. Perry, Findlay, and Bensted (2), who employed active-immunity protection tests on mice, concluded that the more highly virulent the strains of S.typhosa employed in preparing vaccines, the greater was the immunizing activity of the resultant products. Similar conclusions were reached by Arkwright (3), Grinnell (4), and Brown (5). In many of these earlier investigations, however, virulence and avimlence was not dearly distinguished from smooth-rough variation of strains; in fact, virulence and smoothness (also avirulence and roughness) generally were considered essentially synonymous.One of the most comprehensive studies of the relationship of virulence to antigenicity of S. typhosa cultures was conducted by Siler and his associates at the Army Medical School (6). This investigation included a study of seven strains of varied virulence and it was found that, as measured by active-immunity mouse-protection tests and by "0" agglutinin and mouse-protective antibody responses in human volunteers, vaccines prepared from virulent strains were more highly immunogenic than were those prepared from avirulent strains.Felix (7) likewise reported that highly virulent strains of S. typhosa exhibited the greatest immunizing activity. He placed major emphasis on the r61e played by Vi antigen both in virulence and in immunogenicity. There is, however, no unanimity of opinion in regard to any essential relationship between virulence and immunogenicity. This is evidenced more by the development of certain immunizing agents and methods than by any specific investigations of the phenomenon itself. It is not difficult to understand why there is no unanimity of opinion in regard to the supposed mutual interdependent relationship of virulence and immunogenicity since there has been a marked lack of uniformity in the experimental techniques employed in the various investigations and most of the published

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Virulence and Immunogenic Activities ofB. Typhosusin Relation to its Antigenic Constituents

Cited by 51 publications

References 10 publications

Studies on the Antigenic Composition of Group a Hemolytic Streptococci

Studies on the Antigenic Composition of Group a Hemolytic Streptococci

Bacteria attenuation by iron electrocoagulation governed by interactions between bacterial phosphate groups and Fe(III) precipitates

The Virulence and Immunogenicity of Strains Derived From Salmonella Typhosa 58 (Panama Carrier)

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