Virulence and the Production of Endo‐1,4‐<i>β</i>‐glucanase by Isolates of <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Involved in the Moldy‐core Disease of Apples

Reuveni, M.; Sheglov, N.; Eshel, Dani; Prusky, D.; Ben‐Arie, Ruth

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01201.x

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The most commonly isolated fungus, however, is Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler (1,(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)8,10,29,30) and in Israel this fungus has repeatedly been considered as the predominant pathogen (20,(22)(23)(24)(25).…”

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Effects of Host Physiology on the Development of Core Rot, Caused byAlternaria alternata, in Red Delicious Apples

Shtienberg

2012

Phytopathology®

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Alternaria alternata is the predominant fungus involved in moldy core and core rot of Red Delicious apples. The effects of environmental conditions during bloom on moldy core and core rot, and on the need for fungicide application, were examined in 10 experiments carried out in 2007. In untreated experimental plots, typical moldy core symptoms were very common, with relatively low variability (coefficient of variation: 22.2%) among experiments; core rot incidence ranged from 2 to 26% with large variability (coefficient of variation: 90.0%) among experiments. No evidence of prevailing environmental conditions during bloom affecting the development of moldy core or core rot was detected. No effect of fungicide application (a mixture of bromuconazole + captan three times a week at bloom) on moldy core or core rot was found. A random distribution of moldy core and an occasional aggregation of core rot in the orchards were indicated from Morisita's index of dispersion (I(δ)). The hypothesis that core rot incidence is governed by host physiology and that yield load can be used as an indicator of trees' susceptibility was examined in a set of eight observations and four experiments. No correlation was found between tree yield load and moldy core, but core rot incidence was inversely related to yield load. Furthermore, irrespective of tree yield load, core rot was more abundant on large compared with small fruits. It is concluded that host physiology, rather than pathogen occurrence or environmental conditions at bloom stage, governs the development of core rot in Red Delicious apples caused by A. alternata in Israel.

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“…External symptoms on the fruit are quite subtle, and the disease typically goes unnoticed until the fruit is cut open. In some cases, external symptoms of infection may include premature ripening and fruit drop (3,22,24,30). Core rot in Red Delicious, associated with A. alternata, has been responsible for significant economic losses in Israel.…”

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Effects of Host Physiology on the Development of Core Rot, Caused byAlternaria alternata, in Red Delicious Apples

Shtienberg

2012

Phytopathology®

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“…There are two types of diseases caused by A. alternata on apple fruit, core rot (moldy core) and fruit spot. The A. alternata that causes apple core rot does not have the AMT gene found in the A. alternata apple pathotype (Reuveni et al, 2007;Gur et al, 2017); A. alternata strains without AMT can cause apple fruit spot as well as those with AMT (Rotondo et al, 2012;Harteveld et al, 2014;Gur et al, 2017). From an evolutionary perspective, our finding on sorbitol-modulated resistance to A. alternata R2 would be consistent with a scenario where, prior to gaining sorbitol-synthesizing capacity, apple leaves were susceptible to A. alternata R2, but gaining the capacity has allowed apples to fend off its attack on the leaves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorbitol Modulates Resistance to Alternaria alternata by Regulating the Expression of an NLR Resistance Gene in Apple

et al. 2018

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In plant-microbe interactions, plant sugars produced by photosynthesis are not only a carbon source for pathogens, but may also act as signals that modulate plant defense responses. Here, we report that decreasing sorbitol synthesis in apple () leaves by antisense suppression of () leads to downregulation of 56 () genes and converts the phenotypic response to from resistant to susceptible. We identified a resistance protein encoded by the apple gene and a small protein encoded by the fungal gene that interact in both a yeast two-hybrid assay and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. Deletion of in enables gain of virulence on the wild-type control plant. Overexpression of in two antisense lines increases resistance, whereas RNAi suppression of in the wild-type control decreases resistance against MdWRKY79 transcriptionally regulates by binding to the promoter of in response to sorbitol, and exogenous sorbitol feeding partially restores resistance of the antisense lines to These findings indicate that sorbitol modulates resistance to via the MdNLR16 protein that interacts with the fungal effector in a classic gene-for-gene manner in apple.

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“…Most of these fungicides have been reported to be effective against A. alternata (2,15,16,17,18). Worldwide, fungicides used in recent years include boscalid; captan; polyoxin B; potassium phosphate; and steroidal saponine; the demethylation inhibitor fungicides difenoconazole and bromuconazole; and the strobilurins pyraclostrobin, kresoxim methyl, azoxystrobin, and trifloxystrobin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology of Moldy Core, Core Browning, and Core Rot of Fuji Apple in China

Gao¹,

Zhang²,

Sun

et al. 2013

Plant Disease

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‘Fuji’ apple fruit were collected in Shaanxi Province, China, and 186 fungal isolates were obtained from the fruit core region. Fungi were isolated from fruit with symptomless core regions, as well as from the core regions of fruit showing browning, typical moldy core, or core rot. Based on phylogenetic and morphological analysis, all fungi were identified to species. Pathogenicity was determined by cutting apple fruit into halves and daubing spore suspensions containing 1 × 104 up to 1 × 108 spores/ml on the carpel in the core region. Pathogenicity varied significantly among genera, with Alternaria and Cladosporium spp. causing core browning at lower spore concentrations and moldy core at higher spore concentrations. Combinations of pathogens initiated more browning and moldy core than the pathogens applied alone. Epicoccum and Phoma spp. predominated in dry core rot, whereas primarily Trichothecium but also Fusarium and Penicillium spp. caused wet core rot. Core browning was introduced as a new type of core symptom, along with moldy core, dry core rot, and wet core rot. Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and C. tenuissimum were the main pathogens causing core browning and moldy core.

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Virulence and the Production of Endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase by Isolates of Alternaria alternata Involved in the Moldy‐core Disease of Apples

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of Host Physiology on the Development of Core Rot, Caused byAlternaria alternata, in Red Delicious Apples

Effects of Host Physiology on the Development of Core Rot, Caused byAlternaria alternata, in Red Delicious Apples

Sorbitol Modulates Resistance to Alternaria alternata by Regulating the Expression of an NLR Resistance Gene in Apple

Etiology of Moldy Core, Core Browning, and Core Rot of Fuji Apple in China

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