Virulence of Clinical Candida Isolates

Mroczyńska, Martyna; Brillowska-Dąbrowska, Anna

doi:10.3390/pathogens10040466

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Aspartate protease and lipase production as well as hemolytic activity are well known extracellular virulence factors in case of the opportunistic pathogen Candida species [57], yet, in our study, mycosis isolates did not show higher activities in most factors, only in β-hemolysis after 3 days. In the case of α-hemolysis measured after 1 day, the commercial isolates showed higher activity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Virulence Factors and in-Host Selection on Phenotypes in Infectious Probiotic Yeast Isolates (Saccharomyces ‘boulardii’)

Imre

Kovács

Pázmándi

et al. 2021

JoF

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Saccharomyces yeast probiotics (S. ’boulardii’) have long been applied in the treatment of several gastrointestinal conditions. Despite their widespread use, they are rare opportunistic pathogens responsible for a high proportion of Saccharomyces mycosis cases. The potential virulence attributes of S. ’boulardii’ as well as its interactions with the human immune system have been studied, however, no information is available on how these yeasts may change due to in-host evolution. To fill this gap, we compared the general phenotypic characteristics, cell morphology, virulence factors, epithelial and immunological interactions, and pathogenicity of four probiotic product samples, two mycosis, and eight non-mycosis samples of S. ’boulardii’. We assessed the characteristics related to major steps of yeast infections. Mycosis and non-mycosis isolates both displayed novel characters when compared to the product isolates, but in the case of most virulence factors and in pathogenicity, differences were negligible or, surprisingly, the yeasts from products showed elevated levels. No isolates inflicted considerable damage to the epithelial model or bore the hallmarks of immune evasion. Our results show that strains in probiotic products possess characteristics that enable them to act as pathogens upon permissive conditions, and their entry into the bloodstream is not due to active mechanisms but depends on the host. Survival in the host is dependent on yeast phenotypic characteristics which may change in many ways once they start evolving in the host. These facts call attention to the shortcomings of virulence phenotyping in yeast research, and the need for a more thorough assessment of probiotic use.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Virulence Factors and in-Host Selection on Phenotypes in Infectious Probiotic Yeast Isolates (Saccharomyces ‘boulardii’)

Imre

Kovács

Pázmándi

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…Also, all the inoculated organisms proved pathogenicity with varying degrees of virulence, and they were reisolated from the inoculated fish and isolated on specific media. Candida parapsilosis is a pathogenic strain that revealed the occurrence of 76% mortalities; this could be returned to the expression of haemolysins, proteases and esterases as recently reported by Mroczyn´ ska and Brillowska‐Da˛browska (2021). Similarly, Eissa et al (2013) and Tartor et al (2018) also described the pathogenicity of C .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Detection, diagnosis, Koch’s postulate, hepatorenal and antioxidant indicators for some systemic pathogenic fungi invading the liver and kidneys of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) in Egypt with a histopathological approach

Mahboub

Nada

Abdel‐Ghany

et al. 2022

Aquaculture Research

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Recently, systemic fungal infections have emerged as significant causes of fish morbidity and mortality. Hence, the current study investigates the occurrence of some pathogenic systemic fungi inducing severe lesions in the liver and kidneys of African catfish. Two hundred diseased African catfish were collected from private fish farms in Egypt, and only 120 fish were infected with 212 different fungal isolates at a rate of 60%. The seasonal survey revealed isolation of 72 isolates of yeast (Candida albicans) and 140 isolates of moulds including non‐pigmented moulds, Aspergillus ochraceous and Aspergillus flavus, as well as pigmented mould (Cladosporium herbarum). The isolated fungi induced characteristic post‐mortem lesions. To date, this is the first report for isolation of C. herbarum and C. parapsilosis from Nile catfish liver and kidneys. Various techniques were performed to identify the fungi including gross observation, microscopic examination of tissue squashes, in vitro culture and histopathology. Koch's postulate was fulfilled to confirm the fungal pathogenicity. The challenged fungi altered the hepatorenal indicators (ALP, AST, ALT, urea and creatinine) and oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, CAT and SOD). The results indicate the virulence of the isolated fungi, and future studies are needed for treatment trials.

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“…Although phospholipases possess target phospholipid substrates, their classification is based on the specific ester bond they target [ 56 ]. In this sense, C. albicans owns phospholipases A, B, C and D, but until now only few members of phospholipase B are known to be secreted to the environment [ 57 ]. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the absence of phospholipase B resulted in the attenuation of virulence of C. albicans in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis [ 58 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Esterases, another class of lipolytic enzymes, can hydrolyze the ester bonds of mono-, di- and triacylglycerols into alcohol and acid, acting better on soluble substrates [ 48 ]. Esterases are involved in lipid digestion for nutritional purposes, and during the infection they participate in the adhesion process and invasion of epithelial cells [ 57 ]. Our results showed that esterase activity was quite similar to the phospholipase activity, with 85.7% (6/7), 81.8% (9/11) and 71.4% (5/7) of isolates exhibiting weak activity for C. haemulonii , C. duobushaemulonii and C. haemulonii var.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Threat Called Candida haemulonii Species Complex in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: Focus on Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Attributes

Ramos

Figueiredo-Carvalho

Silva

et al. 2022

JoF

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Although considered rare, the emergent Candida haemulonii species complex, formed by C. haemulonii sensu stricto (Ch), C. duobushaemulonii (Cd) and C. haemulonii var. vulnera (Chv), is highlighted due to its profile of increased resistance to the available antifungal drugs. In the present work, 25 clinical isolates, recovered from human infections during 2011–2020 and biochemically identified by automated system as C. haemulonii, were initially assessed by molecular methods (amplification and sequencing of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene) for precise species identification. Subsequently, the antifungal susceptibility of planktonic cells, biofilm formation and susceptibility of biofilms to antifungal drugs and the secretion of key molecules, such as hydrolytic enzymes, hemolysins and siderophores, were evaluated by classical methodologies. Our results revealed that 7 (28%) isolates were molecularly identified as Ch, 7 (28%) as Chv and 11 (44%) as Cd. Sixteen (64%) fungal isolates were recovered from blood. Regarding the antifungal susceptibility test, the planktonic cells were resistant to (i) fluconazole (100% of Ch and Chv, and 72.7% of Cd isolates), itraconazole and voriconazole (85.7% of Ch and Chv, and 72.7% of Cd isolates); (ii) no breakpoints were defined for posaconazole, but high MICs were observed for 85.7% of Ch and Chv, and 72.7% of Cd isolates; (iii) all isolates were resistant to amphotericin B; and (iv) all isolates were susceptible to echinocandins (except for one isolate of Cd) and to flucytosine (except for two isolates of Cd). Biofilm is a well-known virulence and resistant structure in Candida species, including the C. haemulonii complex. Herein, we showed that all isolates were able to form viable biofilms over a polystyrene surface. Moreover, the mature biofilms formed by the C. haemulonii species complex presented a higher antifungal-resistant profile than their planktonic counterparts. Secreted molecules associated with virulence were also detected in our fungal collection: 100% of the isolates yielded aspartic proteases, hemolysins and siderophores as well as phospholipase (92%), esterase (80%), phytase (80%), and caseinase (76%) activities. Our results reinforce the multidrug resistance profile of the C. haemulonii species complex, including Brazilian clinical isolates, as well as their ability to produce important virulence attributes such as biofilms and different classes of hydrolytic enzymes, hemolysins and siderophores, which typically present a strain-dependent profile.

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Virulence of Clinical Candida Isolates

Cited by 33 publications

References 64 publications

Virulence Factors and in-Host Selection on Phenotypes in Infectious Probiotic Yeast Isolates (Saccharomyces ‘boulardii’)

Virulence Factors and in-Host Selection on Phenotypes in Infectious Probiotic Yeast Isolates (Saccharomyces ‘boulardii’)

Detection, diagnosis, Koch’s postulate, hepatorenal and antioxidant indicators for some systemic pathogenic fungi invading the liver and kidneys of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) in Egypt with a histopathological approach

The Threat Called Candida haemulonii Species Complex in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: Focus on Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Attributes

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