Virus and eukaryote fusogen superfamilies

Vance, Tyler D. R.; Lee, Jeffrey E.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.029

Cited by 43 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Likewise, several pathogenic viruses, such as avian influenza virus, HIV-1, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Newcastle Disease virus, Ebola Virus and even SARS-CoV-2 must be cleaved by furin or furin-like proteases to become fully activated and to be able to infect cells [24,25]. Another trigger could be a low pH that leads to a conformation change and release of the fusion peptide/loops which then could penetrate into the host cell membrane [4,5,19,26]. The term "tight binding to the target membrane" is self-explanatory since fusion requires a tight cell-cell/virus-cell contact, whereby the two plasma membranes are positioned at a distance not closer than ~10 nm [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, virus-infected cells have already reached a post-fusion state directly after virus-host cell membrane fusion that is commonly accompanied by virus replication and cell death. Interestingly, some members of retroviridae (human immunodeficiency virus), paramyxoviridae (Sendai virus), poxviridae (poxvirus), coronaviridae (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) [37][38][39][40][41][42][43] and reoviridae (Rota virus B) [19,21,26,[44][45][46][47] could also lead to syncytium formation, potentially reflecting some kind of immune escape strategy to avoid capturing of free viruses by neutralizing antibodies [37,[48][49][50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell-Cell Fusion Mediated by Viruses and HERV-Derived Fusogens in Cancer Initiation and Progression

Dittmar

Weiler

Luo

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Cell fusion is a well-known, but still scarcely understood biological phenomenon, which might play a role in cancer initiation, progression and formation of metastases. Although the merging of two (cancer) cells appears simple, the entire process is highly complex, energy-dependent and tightly regulated. Among cell fusion-inducing and -regulating factors, so-called fusogens have been identified as a specific type of proteins that are indispensable for overcoming fusion-associated energetic barriers and final merging of plasma membranes. About 8% of the human genome is of retroviral origin and some well-known fusogens, such as syncytin-1, are expressed by human (cancer) cells. Likewise, enveloped viruses can enable and facilitate cell fusion due to evolutionarily optimized fusogens, and are also capable to induce bi- and multinucleation underlining their fusion capacity. Moreover, multinucleated giant cancer cells have been found in tumors derived from oncogenic viruses. Accordingly, a potential correlation between viruses and fusogens of human endogenous retroviral origin in cancer cell fusion will be summarized in this review.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-Cell Fusion Mediated by Viruses and HERV-Derived Fusogens in Cancer Initiation and Progression

Dittmar

Weiler

Luo

et al. 2021

Cancers

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“…HAP2 proteins and the class II viral fusogens have similar structural properties as they insert into the host cell membrane and destabilize it at the late stages of gamete fusion [52]. Summing up these facts, it is tempting to speculate that the horizontal transfer of viral fusion genes has contributed to the development of sexual reproduction [53] thereby allowing the formation of complex multicellular organisms [54]. ERV genes exert many functions in the development, including gene activation in a zygote after fertilization [55], promotion of placenta development, protection of the host from infection, and regulating the genome plasticity [56].…”

Section: Eukaryotic Orthologues Of Viral Fusion Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes

Zubarev¹,

Vladimirtsev²,

Воронцова³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The advancement of precision medicine critically depends on the robustness and specificity of the carriers used for the targeted delivery of effector molecules in the human body. Numerous nanocarriers have been explored in vivo, to ensure the precise delivery of molecular cargos via tissue-specific targeting, including the endocrine part of the pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands. However, even after reaching the target organ, the cargo-carrying vehicle needs to enter the cell and then escape from lysosomal destruction. Most of artificial nanocarriers suffer from intrinsic limitations that either prevent them from completing the specific delivery of the cargo. In this respect, extracellular vesicles (EVs) seem to be the natural tool for payload delivery due to their versatility and low toxicity. However, EV-mediated delivery is not selective and usually short-ranged. By inserting the viral membrane fusion proteins into exosomes, it is possible to increase the efficiency of membrane recognition and also ease the process of membrane fusion. This review describes the molecular details of the viral-assisted interaction between the target cell and extracellular vesicles. We also discuss the question of the usability of viral fusion proteins in developing extracellular vesicle-based nanocarriers with higher efficacy of payload delivery. Finally, this review specifically highlights the role of Gag and RNA binding proteins in RNA sorting into extracellular vesicles.

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“…Like the S protein, syncytin is a class I fusion protein 103 and its ligand in mice (Ly6E) was recently shown to impair SARS-CoV-2 membrane fusion 104 . Furthermore, HERV expression impacts innate immunity to exogenous viruses and some ERVs have been co-opted as regulators of innate immunity in non-human primates 83,105 .…”

Section: Selection Of Candidate Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular relationships between SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and LIFR, a pneumonia protective IL-6 family cytokine receptor

Ngara

2021

Preprint

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The fine-tuned control of immune responses is attained by pairs of activating and inhibitory signaling receptors which modulate the quality and magnitude of immune responses. Some viruses exploit these pathways to enter host cells as well as interfere with immune responses. Here, we report that the SARS-CoV-1/2 Spike proteins (S) contain a potential inhibitory tyrosine-based immunoreceptor motif (ITIM) with the D614G variant occurring within this motif. Through an in silico screen of ITIM-containing human proteins, we find that the S-located ITIM is closely related to a previously reported ITIM in the cytoplasmic tail of the human Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor (LIFR), a pneumonia protective IL-6 family cytokine receptor. To infer potential functional interactions between SARS-CoV-2 infection and LIFR expression, we performed single-cell transcriptome analysis of public datasets of lung tissues from healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients. We show that transcripts of LIFR and its ligand LIF are highly expressed in SARS-CoV-2 susceptible lung cells from mild and severe COVID-19 patients but not in healthy individuals. In addition, the human endogenous retroviral envelope gene (ERVW-1) encoding a fusogenic protein of the same functional class as the S protein, is induced in SARS-CoV-2 susceptible cell subpopulations in COVID-19 patients with no detectable expression in healthy individuals. We also report that pulmonary epithelial cells express transcripts of several immunoreceptors including the ITIM-containing antibody receptor FCGR2B which is detectable in healthy and severe COVID-19 cases but not in mild cases. These results suggest that molecular dysregulation of ITIM-mediated inhibitory signaling by the SARS-CoV-2 S protein may play a role in COVID-19 immunopathology.

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Virus and eukaryote fusogen superfamilies

Cited by 43 publications

References 16 publications

Cell-Cell Fusion Mediated by Viruses and HERV-Derived Fusogens in Cancer Initiation and Progression

Cell-Cell Fusion Mediated by Viruses and HERV-Derived Fusogens in Cancer Initiation and Progression

Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes

Molecular relationships between SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and LIFR, a pneumonia protective IL-6 family cytokine receptor

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