Virus diseases of farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas): A review

Abstract

Penaeid shrimp aquaculture is an important industry in the Americas, and the industry is based almost entirely on the culture of the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Western Hemisphere shrimp farmers in 14 countries in 2004 produced more than 200,000 metric tons of shrimp, generated more than $2 billion in revenue, and employed more than 500,000 people. Disease has had a major impact on shrimp aquaculture in the Americas since it became a significant commercial entity in the 1970s. Diseases due to viruses, rickettsial-like bacteria, true bacteria, protozoa, and fungi have emerged as major diseases of farmed shrimp in the region. Many of the bacterial, fungal and protozoan caused diseases are managed using improved culture practices, routine sanitation, and the use of chemotherapeutics. However, the virus diseases have been far more problematic to manage and they have been responsible for the most costly epizootics. Examples include the Taura syndrome pandemic that began in 1991-1992 when the disease emerged in Ecuador, and the subsequent White Spot Disease pandemic that followed its introduction to Central America from Asia in 1999. Because of their socioeconomic significance to shrimp farming, seven of the nine crustacean diseases listed by the World Animal Organization (OIE) are virus diseases of shrimp. Of the seven virus diseases of penaeid shrimp, five are native to the Americas or have become enzootic following their introduction. The shrimp virus diseases in the Americas are increasingly being managed by exclusion using a combination of biosecurity and the practice of culturing domesticated specific pathogen-free (SPF) stocks or specific pathogen-resistant (SPR) stocks. Despite the significant challenges posed by disease, the shrimp farming industry of the Americas has responded to the challenges posed by disease and it has developed methods to manage its diseases and mature into a sustainable industry.

Establishment of Shrimp Cell Lines: Perception and Orientation

“…This trend in production is unlikely to perpetuate, because there are more than 20 [6] among the 1,100 recognized invertebrate viruses [1] now known to occur in shrimps which include nine that pose serious threat to their culture [14], resulting in huge loss to shrimp industry [21,50,88]. This highlights the importance of developing shrimp cell lines for their isolation, and to bring out effective prophylactics.…”

Bacterial Diversity in the Guts of Sea Cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) and Shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) Investigated with Tag-Encoded 454 Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA Genes

“…해삼 의 양식이 증가함에 따라 해삼의 질병과 병원균에 대한 연구가 진 행되고 있으며 그 예로 피부궤양(skin ulceration disease)과 내장방 출증(viscera ejection syndrome)의 주요 원인균으로 비브리오 등 이 배양, 분리되었다 (Deng et al, 2009 (Jang et al, 2008). 새우와 미생물에 대한 연구 또한 새우의 양식 방법이나 병원성 바이러스 또는 세 균에 대한 연구가 많이 진행되고 있는 실정이다 (Castroverde et al, 2006;Robert-Pillot et al, 2010;Lightner, 2011). 미생물의 플락(floc)을 이용하여 수질을 보존하고 병원균의 감염을 방지하 고 새우에게 먹이를 공급하는 새우의 고밀도 양식에 대한 연구 (Jang et al, 2008;Crab et al, 2010 (Verschuere et al, 2000).…”

Genomics, Molecular Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus

“…Based on physicochemical and ultrastructural properties of the virion and genomic organization, IHHNV is taxonomically placed under the Parvoviridae family [9,55,74]. These are small icosahedral, nonenveloped viral particles 20-22 nm in diameter containing a single-stranded, linear DNA of approximately 3.9 kb [44,69]. The average buoyant density of this virus by CsCl density gradient centrifugation is 1.40 g/ml [9].…”

“…4) in tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal origin [50]. These inclusion bodies of IHHNV can be confused with the developing WSSV inclusion bodies [44].…”