Virus inactivation at moderately low pH varies with virus and buffer properties

Joshi, Pratik U.; Meingast, Christa; Xu, Xuankuo; Holstein, Melissa; Feroz, Hasin; Ranjan, Swarnim; Ghose, Sanchayita; Li, Zheng Jian; Heldt, Caryn L.

doi:10.1002/biot.202100320

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Additionally, viral inactivation is often sensitive to environmental factors and choice of virus strain. For example, recent studies have found that the efficacy of low-pH viral inactivation depends on the virus strain and the buffering agent used …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings

Sorci

Fink

Sharma

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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N95 respirator face masks serve as effective physical barriers against airborne virus transmission, especially in a hospital setting. However, conventional filtration materials, such as nonwoven polypropylene fibers, have no inherent virucidal activity, and thus, the risk of surface contamination increases with wear time. The ability of face masks to protect against infection can be likely improved by incorporating components that deactivate viruses on contact. We present a facile method for covalently attaching antiviral quaternary ammonium polymers to the fiber surfaces of nonwoven polypropylene fabrics that are commonly used as filtration materials in N95 respirators via ultraviolet (UV)-initiated grafting of biocidal agents. Here, C 12 -quaternized benzophenone is simultaneously polymerized and grafted onto melt-blown or spunbond polypropylene fabric using 254 nm UV light. This grafting method generated ultrathin polymer coatings which imparted a permanent cationic charge without grossly changing fiber morphology or air resistance across the filter. For melt-blown polypropylene, which comprises the active filtration layer of N95 respirator masks, filtration efficiency was negatively impacted from 72.5 to 51.3% for uncoated and coated single-ply samples, respectively. Similarly, directly applying the antiviral polymer to full N95 masks decreased the filtration efficiency from 90.4 to 79.8%. This effect was due to the exposure of melt-blown polypropylene to organic solvents used in the coating process. However, N95-level filtration efficiency could be achieved by wearing coated spunbond polypropylene over an N95 mask or by fabricating N95 masks with coated spunbond as the exterior layer. Coated materials demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against several lipid-enveloped viruses, as well as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. For example, a 4.3-log reduction in infectious MHV-A59 virus and a 3.3-log reduction in infectious SuHV-1 virus after contact with coated filters were observed, although the level of viral deactivation varied significantly depending on the virus strain and protocol for assaying infectivity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings

Sorci

Fink

Sharma

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

Self Cite

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“…While a highly acidic pH (<3.6) effectively inactivates the xenotropic murine leukemia virus, 83 a pH of 4.0 has little effect on the equine arteritis virus. 84 Conventionally, enveloped viruses are rendered inactive at high aqueous temperatures due to the denaturation of their proteins. In reagent-grade water, the time for a 99% reduction of the transmissible gastroenteritis population at 4 °C (220 days) is significantly longer than at 25 °C (22 days).…”

Section: Release Of Enveloped Viruses Into Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, a low pH treatment is used to inactivate enveloped viruses. While a highly acidic pH (<3.6) effectively inactivates the xenotropic murine leukemia virus, a pH of 4.0 has little effect on the equine arteritis virus . Conventionally, enveloped viruses are rendered inactive at high aqueous temperatures due to the denaturation of their proteins.…”

Section: Environmental Transmission Of Enveloped Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Stability and Transmissibility of Enveloped Viruses at Varied Animate and Inanimate Interfaces

Zeng

et al. 2023

Environ. Health

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Enveloped viruses have been the leading causative agents of viral epidemics in the past decade, including the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. In epidemics caused by enveloped viruses, direct contact is a common route of infection, while indirect transmissions through the environment also contribute to the spread of the disease, although their significance remains controversial. Bridging the knowledge gap regarding the influence of interfacial interactions on the persistence of enveloped viruses in the environment reveals the transmission mechanisms when the virus undergoes mutations and prevents excessive disinfection during viral epidemics. Herein, from the perspective of the driving force, partition efficiency, and viral survivability at interfaces, we summarize the viral and environmental characteristics that affect the environmental transmission of viruses. We expect to provide insights for virus detection, environmental surveillance, and disinfection to limit the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

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“…Viruses are exposed to a variety of other degradation risks when preserved including freeze–thaw damage, pH changes, surface adsorption, shear stress, and oxidative denaturation. For example, the crystallization of buffers during the freezing process can lead to pH changes, especially in sodium phosphate buffers [ 7 ], where both overly high and overly low pH can cause virus denaturation [ 8 , 9 ]. In addition, low pH values cause viral aggregation, which may cause irreversible changes by viral denaturation [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Oncolytic Virus Preservation and Formulation

et al. 2023

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In recent years, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as an effective means of treating cancer. OVs have multiple oncotherapeutic functions including specifically infecting and lysing tumor cells, initiating immune cell death, attacking and destroying tumor angiogenesis and triggering a broad bystander effect. Oncolytic viruses have been used in clinical trials and clinical treatment as drugs for cancer therapy, and as a result, oncolytic viruses are required to have long-term storage stability for clinical use. In the clinical application of oncolytic viruses, formulation design plays a decisive role in the stability of the virus. Therefore, this paper reviews the degradation factors and their degradation mechanisms (pH, thermal stress, freeze–thaw damage, surface adsorption, oxidation, etc.) faced by oncolytic viruses during storage, and it discusses how to rationally add excipients for the degradation mechanisms to achieve the purpose of maintaining the long-term stability of oncolytic viral activity. Finally, the formulation strategies for the long-term formulation stability of oncolytic viruses are discussed in terms of buffers, permeation agents, cryoprotectants, surfactants, free radical scavengers, and bulking agent based on virus degradation mechanisms.

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Virus inactivation at moderately low pH varies with virus and buffer properties

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings

Virucidal N95 Respirator Face Masks via Ultrathin Surface-Grafted Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coatings

Environmental Stability and Transmissibility of Enveloped Viruses at Varied Animate and Inanimate Interfaces

Study of Oncolytic Virus Preservation and Formulation

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