Virus-Induced Pigment Epithelitis in Rhesus Monkeys

Krey, H.; Stitz, Lothar; Ludwig, Hans

doi:10.1159/000309244

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The animals developed a persistent infection in the CNS and produced antibodies to BDV-specific antigens in serum, CSF, and aqueous humor. Pathological alterations in the CNS and retina consisted of infiltrations of mononuclear cells similar to those in naturally infected animals; however, no destruction of the neuronal layers of the retina was observed [37,38]. Clinical signs started with apathy and anorexia 4-8 weeks after infection and progressed to severe neurological manifestations dominated by paralysis of the hind limbs.…”

Section: Tupaiasmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…With the exact manifestation depending on the viral variant, Lewis rats can develop a biphasic neurological illness characterized by an initial hyperacute aggressive phase that is followed by a passive somnolent stage, an obesity syndrome with fertility disturbances, or paralysis followed by death [5,25,26,36]. Rhesus monkeys develop severe paralytic disease with retinopathy [5,37,38], whereas mice and hamsters show no clinical signs despite replication of BDV in the CNS [39,40]. Histologic studies of brains from animals with Borna disease show typical meningoencephalomyelitis, with the most severe lesions in the frontal region of the cerebral cortex.…”

Section: Experimental Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only some of these animals devel-retinopathy in humans. Thus, in studies of these changes, rhesus monkeys were infected ic with BDV [5,37,38]. The animals developed a persistent infection in the CNS and produced antibodies to BDV-specific antigens in serum, CSF, and aqueous humor.…”

Section: Tupaiasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent

Richt

VandeWoude

Zink

et al. 1992

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Borna disease virus (BDV), which seems to be distinct from all other known viruses, exhibits a unique mechanism of pathogenesis. This review highlights several aspects of the biology of infection with this virus and summarizes the preliminary characterization of the agent. Studies on BDV may help to illuminate several important areas of neurobiology, including the mechanisms regulating the replication of a new type of RNA virus in the nuclei of neural cells, the neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism of such viruses, their T cell-mediated immunopathology, tolerance in newborn animals to persistent viral infection of the central nervous system, and behavioral diseases and eating disorders induced by such agents.

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Section: Tupaiasmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Experimental Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent

Richt

VandeWoude

Zink

et al. 1992

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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“…Further studies using the laboratory strain V (182), and another series of intracerebral and intranasal injections of rhesus monkeys were performed (H. Ludwig and L. Stitz, 1981, unpublished findings). Only some neuropathological and ophthalmological data have been published to date (33,99). In these experiments, primates showed subtle behavioural changes which in most of the cases progressed into an overt neurological symptomatology, leading to an early decision to euthanise the severely diseased animals.…”

Section: Infection and Disease In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borna disease virus: new aspects on infection, disease, diagnosis and epidemiology

Ludwig

Bode²

2000

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

137

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A 'disease of the head' affecting horses, as described in the 17th Century is now known as Borna disease. Research over the past 100 years has established that the aetiological agent, Borna disease virus (BDV), is an unsegmented, single-and negative-stranded, enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus which represents the family Bornaviridae in the order Mononegavirales.The virus exists world-wide in horses, sheep, cattle, cats, dogs and ostriches. The infection can be fatal, but the majority of carriers are persistently infected without showing symptoms. The association with psychiatric diseases in humans led to an international explosion of research on BDV, with centres established in Germany, the United States of America and Japan. Experimental infections of tree shrews and rats served to examine the effects of persistent and overt disease, most excitingly, virus-induced behavioural changes, and emotional and learning deficits. This 'emerging' virus infection shows complex pathogenetic mechanisms in the nervous system, but also spreads through myelo-monocytic cells. Diagnosis can be made serologically, but detection of antigen markers in peripheral white blood cells, combined with nucleic acid amplification is more profitable. Comparative RNA studies reveal an unusually high genetic homology of viruses. Isolates recovered from humans and equines suggest species-specificity. Vaccination is not an advisable strategy, but antiviral therapy, especially with amantadine sulphate, promises efficacy in human mood disorders, and is effective in vitro. Infections with BDV follow a vulnerability principle to cause disease. Although cross-species transmission of this commensal virus has not been proven, zoonotic aspects of BDV should be carefully considered.

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“…One monkey infected intraperitonally became obese after weeks of bulimia and unusual hyperphagic. Besides the few ophthalmologic studies showing retinal alterations in all infected monkeys [38], neuropathologic evaluations have as yet not been rigorously performed [16].…”

Section: Neurological Disease and Neuropsychiatrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neuropathogenesis of Borna Disease Virus Infections

Ludwig

Bode²

1997

Intervirology

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The unique genetic and biological properties of this small enveloped RNA virus indicate that Borna disease virus (BDV) is an evolutionary old pathogen. It appears perfectly adapted to persist inside the limbic system, a most delicate and sensitive old area of the mammalian brain involved in the control of mood, behavior, and memory. In many infected individuals, BDV remains a commensal during their lifetime. In a minority of vulnerable subjects, BDV becomes frequently activated, leading to episodes of distinct, more or less severe disturbances of information processing, behavioral and mood alterations. BDV research in humans is anticipated to initiate new insights into the interplay of exogenous and endogenous factors governing mood disorders. In nature BDV preferentially behaves as a neurotropic virus, but may latently and/or persistently infect cells of the reticuloendothelial system. This has been shown to be of great diagnostic importance, because now BDV ‘footprints’ can be followed in vivo in animals and man. BDV, which has long been considered as a classical animal virus, is present in humans, and has been found to be associated with some defined psychiatric disorders in particularly vulnerable individuals. An interaction of BDV proteins with neurotransmitter activities is plausible in the light of experimental animal data. Interference with normal behavior and the influence on mood and cognitive functions as demonstrated in animals and assumed in humans require extensive future research on the molecular etiopathogenesis. Aside from these clinical aspects, BDV is an unusual agent with outstanding features, namely replication in the nucleus of its target cells by an elusive, partially unknown mechanism, showing no cytopathogenicity or disturbance of vital cell functions, but altering luxury functions, and with a lifelong persistence giving rise to periods of long latency and short activation.

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Virus-Induced Pigment Epithelitis in Rhesus Monkeys

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent

Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent

Borna disease virus: new aspects on infection, disease, diagnosis and epidemiology

The Neuropathogenesis of Borna Disease Virus Infections

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