Virus infection of<i>Emiliania huxleyi</i>deters grazing by the copepod<i>Acartia tonsa</i>

Vermont, AI; Martínez, Joaquín Martínez; Waller, J G; Gilg, IC; Floge, SA; Archer, Stephen D.; Wilson, WH; Fields, David M.

doi:10.1093/plankt/fbw064

Cited by 20 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Both these experiments employed the same EhV stock, virus:host ratio, and culture volume, and only differed in the length of time of the experiment (Table 1). We have shown in this study and elsewhere (Gilg et al 2016;Vermont et al 2016) that under comparable conditions infection dynamics and virus production are highly reproducible. E. huxleyi and O. marina cell concentrations were monitored in each flask by FCM.…”

Section: Oxyrrhis Marina Specific Growth and Grazing Ratessupporting

confidence: 75%

“…1). The infection dynamics of E. huxleyi (CCMP374) and viral (EhV-86) production are highly consistent and reproducible when using the same host and virus strains and conditions, in particular when using the same virus lysate stock for a series of experiments within 2-4 weeks (Gilg et al 2016;Vermont et al 2016). Infected cells begin to release virus progeny at around 4.5 h p.i.…”

Section: Emiliania Huxleyi Virus Infection Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…At the high virus:host ratios in our study, close to 100% of the E. huxleyi cells become infected by 24 h p.i. (Gilg et al 2016;Vermont et al 2016), even if not evident by FCM (Martínez Martínez et al 2011). In experiment 4, in which we used a fresh EhV-86 lysate stock and carried out the inoculations at a 50:1 virus:host ratio, 36% of E. huxleyi cells were visibly infected by 6 h p.i.…”

Section: Emiliania Huxleyi Virus Infection Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A quantitative understanding of the pathways and factors that affect the flow of organic C in marine systems is key to understanding community structure and for predicting resource availability to support important commercial species. Although it is known that viral infection of algal cells alters crucial cellular and biogeochemical processes (Evans et al 2009;Gilg et al 2016;Malitsky et al 2016;Rosenwasser et al 2014;Suzuki & Suzuki 2006), the impacts of these changes on the nutritional value of cells and on the grazing and growth rates of both microand macrozooplankton are largely unexplored (Evans & Wilson 2008;Vermont et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi forms some of the largest phytoplankton blooms in the ocean. The rapid demise of these blooms has been linked to viral infections. E. huxleyi abundance, distribution, and nutritional status make them an important food source for the heterotrophic protists which are classified as microzooplankton in marine food webs. In this study we investigated the fate of E. huxleyi (CCMP 374) infected with virus strain EhV-86 in a simple predator-prey interaction. The ingestion rates of Oxyrrhis marina were significantly lower (between 26.9 and 50.4%) when fed virus-infected E. huxleyi cells compared to non-infected cells. Despite the lower ingestion rates, O. marina showed significantly higher growth rates (between 30 and 91.3%) when fed infected E. huxleyi cells, suggesting higher nutritional value and/or greater assimilation of infected E. huxleyi cells. No significant differences were found in O. marina cell volumes or fatty acids profiles. These results show that virally infected E. huxleyi support higher growth rates of single celled heterotrophs and in addition to the "viral shunt" hypothesis, viral infections may also divert more carbon to mesozooplankton grazers.

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Section: Oxyrrhis Marina Specific Growth and Grazing Ratessupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Emiliania Huxleyi Virus Infection Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Emiliania Huxleyi Virus Infection Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“…Copepods are now known to activate virus reproduction and facilitate dispersal of viruses (12), with attendant effects on blooming algae (15). Copepods, however, may display some avoidance of infected prey, including EhV-infected E. huxleyi, potentially altering the rates at which activation and dispersal might occur (16). We suggest that these phenomena would not necessarily be limited to these particular trophic interactions and that predator activation and dispersal of other types of viruses would seem likely in systems where symbiotic relationships may provide a barrier to virus-host interactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predators catalyze an increase in chloroviruses by foraging on the symbiotic hosts of zoochlorellae

DeLong

Al-Ameeli

Duncan

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Virus population growth depends on contacts between viruses and their hosts. It is often unclear how sufficient contacts are made between viruses and their specific hosts to generate spikes in viral abundance. Here, we show that copepods, acting as predators, can bring aquatic viruses and their algal hosts into contact. Specifically, predation of the protistParamecium bursariaby copepods resulted in a >100-fold increase in the number of chloroviruses in 1 d. Copepod predation can be seen as an ecological “catalyst” by increasing contacts between chloroviruses and their hosts, zoochlorellae (endosymbiotic algae that live within paramecia), thereby facilitating viral population growth. When feeding, copepods passedP. bursariathrough their digestive tract only partially digested, releasing endosymbiotic algae that still supported viral reproduction and resulting in a virus population spike. A simple predator–prey model parameterized for copepods consuming protists generates cycle periods for viruses consistent with those observed in natural ponds. Food webs are replete with similar symbiotic organisms, and we suspect the predator catalyst mechanism is capable of generating blooms for other endosymbiont-targeting viruses.

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Modeling the avoidance behavior of zooplankton on phytoplankton infected by free viruses

et al. 2020

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In any ecosystem, chaotic situations may arise from equilibrium state for different reasons.To overcome these chaotic situations sometimes the system itself exhibits some mechanisms of selfadaptability. In this paper, we explore an eco-epidemiological model consisting of three aquatic groups: phytoplankton, zooplankton and marine free viruses. We assume that the phytoplankton population are infected by external free viruses and zooplankton get affected on consumption of infected phytoplankton; also the infected phytoplankton do not compete for resources with the susceptible one. In addition, we model a mechanism by which zooplankton recognize and avoid infected phytoplankton, at least when susceptible phytoplankton are present. The zooplankton extinction chance increases on increasing the force of infection or decreasing the intensity of avoidance. Further, when the viral infection triggers chaotic dynamics, high zooplankton avoidance intensity can stabilize again the system. Interestingly, for high avoidance intensity, nutrient enrichment has a destabilizing effect on the system dynamics, which is in line with the paradox of enrichment. Global sensitivity analysis helps to identify the most significant parameters that reduce the infected phytoplankton in the system. Finally, we

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Virus infection ofEmiliania huxleyideters grazing by the copepodAcartia tonsa

Cited by 20 publications

References 62 publications

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Predators catalyze an increase in chloroviruses by foraging on the symbiotic hosts of zoochlorellae

Modeling the avoidance behavior of zooplankton on phytoplankton infected by free viruses

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