Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System

Amor, Sandra

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4470-3.50052-5

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Neurotropic viruses can induce significant neuronal dysfunction and degeneration of specific neuronal populations, sometimes leading to devastating, life‐threatening consequences for the host 45 (Table 2). Viruses injure neurons in a number of ways (Fig.…”

Section: Infections and Neurodegenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases

et al. 2010

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Summary Neurodegeneration, the slow and progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons and axons in the central nervous system, is the primary pathological feature of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, neurotropic viral infections, stroke, paraneoplastic disorders, traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. Despite different triggering events, a common feature is chronic immune activation, in particular of microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Apart from the pathogenic role of immune responses, emerging evidence indicates that immune responses are also critical for neuroregeneration. Here, we review the impact of innate and adaptive immune responses on the central nervous system in autoimmune, viral and other neurodegenerative disorders, and discuss their contribution to either damage or repair. We also discuss potential therapies aimed at the immune responses within the central nervous system. A better understanding of the interaction between the immune and nervous systems will be crucial to either target pathogenic responses, or augment the beneficial effects of immune responses as a strategy to intervene in chronic neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Infections and Neurodegenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases

et al. 2010

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“…In many cases the mechanisms behind these effects are poorly understood and understudied, with research in these areas having been mostly focused on the arthralgia of Chikungunya virus (genus Alphavirus ) and the neuroinvasive disease of West Nile virus (genus Flavirus ). ( 65 , 66 ). Several mechanisms have however been identified.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Mosquito-borne Viral Arthralgia and Neuro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include direct invasion of the joint, joint involvement by immune complex formation, and immune modulation causing a chronic inflammatory response occurring after the transient viremia of the acute phase of the disease. The specific mechanism varies by virus ( 66 ). For alphaviruses, who all share a similar mechanism of infection and replication, much of the inflammation is thought to be caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases released by infected macrophages in the articular synovium.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Mosquito-borne Viral Arthralgia and Neuro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neuroinvasive disease requires the virus to evade the innate and adaptive immune response such that it may gain entry to the central nervous system (CNS); this is possible through either the neural route, the olfactory route, or the blood–brain barrier. ( 66 ) Neural transmission along the axon has not been associated with any mosquito-borne virus. The olfactory route, through infection of olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity, has however been demonstrated for both, alphaviruses such as the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and the Semliki Forest virus, and orthobunyaviruses such as the La Crosse virus ( 69 , 70 ).…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Mosquito-borne Viral Arthralgia and Neuro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mosquito-borne viruses causing human disease in Fennoscandia—Past, current, and future perspectives

et al. 2023

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Five different mosquito-borne viruses (moboviruses) significant to human disease are known to be endemic to Fennoscandia (Sindbis virus, Inkoo virus, Tahyna virus, Chatanga virus, and Batai virus). However, the incidence of mosquito-borne virus infections in Fennoscandia is unknown, largely due to underdiagnosing and lack of surveillance efforts. The Fennoscandian moboviruses are difficult to prevent due to their method of transmission, and often difficult to diagnose due to a lack of clear case definition criteria. Thus, many cases are likely to be mis-diagnosed, or even not diagnosed at all. Significant long-term effects, often in the form of malaise, rashes, and arthralgia have been found for some of these infections. Research into mobovirus disease is ongoing, though mainly focused on a few pathogens, with many others neglected. With moboviruses found as far north as the 69th parallel, studying mosquito-borne disease occurring in the tropics is only a small part of the whole picture. This review is written with the objective of summarizing current medically relevant knowledge of moboviruses occurring in Fennoscandia, while highlighting what is yet unknown and possibly overlooked.

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“…Any suspicion of meningitis, distemper, encephalitis, canine infectious hepatitis, spontaneous bovine encephalomyelitis ( Chlamydia psittaci ), cerebral cysticercosis ( Taenia solium ), water heart in sheep and cattle, or canine infectious hepatitis should be evaluated for rabies ( Amor, 2009 ). It is important to take into account additional conditions including mineral, pesticide, and plant poisoning from plants such as monkey cord ( Cynanchum spp ) in sheep and kikuyu grass ( Pennisetum clandestinum ) in cattle ( Oyda and Megersa, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking lethal threat: In-depth review of rabies

Khairullah,

Kurniawan,

Hasib

et al. 2023

Open Vet J

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An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals’ central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000–59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging.

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Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System

Cited by 8 publications

References 108 publications

Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases

Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases

Mosquito-borne viruses causing human disease in Fennoscandia—Past, current, and future perspectives

Tracking lethal threat: In-depth review of rabies

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