Viruses and viruslike particles of eukaryotic algae.

Etten, James L. Van; Lane, Leslie C.; Meints, Russel H.

doi:10.1128/mmbr.55.4.586-620.1991

Cited by 248 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…Chlorella NC64A cells were cultured in modified Bold's basal media (MBBM) as previously described in Van Etten et al (1983b) and Van Etten et al (1991). MBBM was supplemented with tetracycline (100 lg mL )1 ) prior to Chlorella NC64A inoculation to inhibit bacterial growth.…”

Section: Chlorella Nc64a Culturing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The small size of viral particles makes elemental composition difficult to determine directly. Therefore, the C : N : P ratios of PBCV-1 were calculated from biochemical composition using published values of viral DNA, lipid and protein content (Skrdla et al, 1984;Van Etten et al, 1991;Van Etten & Meints, 1999) and the percentage of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in these major biomolecules. The C, N and P contents of proteins, phospholipids and the four DNA nucleotide bases were obtained from Sterner & Elser (2002).…”

Section: Pbcv-1 Elemental Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to published sources, PBCV-1 is 23% DNA, 8% lipids and 64% protein by mass (Skrdla et al, 1984;Van Etten et al, 1991;Van Etten & Meints, 1999). These three groups of biomolecules account for 95% of the 1 · 10 9 Da viral mass.…”

Section: Pbcv-1 Stoichiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of host Chlorella NC64A carbon : phosphorus ratio on the production of Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus‐1

Clasen¹,

Elser²

2006

Freshwater Biology

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1. We used the freshwater alga Chlorella NC64A (Division Chlorophyta) and its virus Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus-1 (PBCV-1) as a model system to test for potential stoichiometric constraints on a virus-host interaction. 2. Media phosphorus concentrations were manipulated to create Chlorella NC64A host cells with low (91 ± 23) or high (453 ± 246) C : P ratio. In contrast, the C : P ratio of PBCV-1, calculated from its biochemical composition, was 17 : 1. 3. Stoichiometric theory predicts that infection success and postinfection viral production should be depressed in high C : P cultures due to insufficient intracellular P for production of P-rich viral particles. 4. Consistent with this hypothesis, viral production was strongly affected by host C : P ratio. While host C : P ratio did not affect viral attachment or the percentage of new viral particles that were infectious, in the low C : P Chlorella NC64A treatment, nine times more viruses were produced per infected cell than in the high C : P treatment (158 ± 138 versus 18 ± 18), indicating that the low C : P cells were higher quality for PBCV-1 proliferation. 5. This result implies that the stoichiometric quality of algal cells can have a major effect on host-virus population dynamics.

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Section: Chlorella Nc64a Culturing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pbcv-1 Elemental Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of host Chlorella NC64A carbon : phosphorus ratio on the production of Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus‐1

Clasen¹,

Elser²

2006

Freshwater Biology

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“…Additionally, in New Zealand during a dieback of the kelp Ecklonia radiata, Haggitt and Babcock (2003) observed anomalous, prolific consumption of dying plants by herbivorous amphipods. However, disease was never confirmed as the cause of this dieback (although virus-like particles, which are abundant in seawater [10 7 /mL; Reinheimer 1992], and macroalgal tissues [Van Etten et al 1991] were isolated from symptomatic thalli [Easton et al 1997]). Our results are the first to demonstrate directly that bacterial disease can alter interactions between a macroalga and herbivores.…”

Section: Multipartite Interactions Between An Algal Host Its Consumementioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic consequences of disease in a habitat‐forming seaweed and impacts on interactions between natural enemies

Campbell

Vergés

Steinberg

2014

Ecology

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Diseases affecting natural ecosystems are increasing in frequency and severity, but unless obviously catastrophic, the consequences of disease outbreaks are often overlooked, relative to other ecological processes (e.g., predation, competition). Disease can have profound effects on individuals and can also strongly influence interactions between infected hosts and their natural enemies. We investigated whether a novel bleaching disease affected the survival or performance of a habitat-forming red seaweed, Delisea pulchra. In addition, we investigated bidirectional, multipartite interactions between this seaweed host, its pathogens, and consumers. Although we found no negative impacts of disease on survival of D. pulchra, bleaching had substantial, negative consequences for affected individuals, including a dramatic drop in fecundity and a significant decrease in size. In the first direct demonstration of bacterial disease-mediated herbivory of seaweeds, herbivores generally preferred to consume bleached tissue in feeding trials, and we also found higher densities of herbivores on bleached than co-occurring, healthy algae at sites where herbivores were abundant. In a conceptually reciprocal test of the effects of herbivores on infection, we showed that simulated herbivory increased susceptibility to bleaching when algae were also exposed to cultures of a bacterial pathogen. Given the high proportions of D. pulchra affected by bleaching during peak periods, the impacts of this disease are likely to have important implications at the population level. This work highlights complex interactions between habitat-forming organisms and their natural enemies and further emphasizes the need to consider disease in ecological research.

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“…Virus-encoded lysis genes degrade the host cell wall at the point of attachment, or disrupt the host cell at the end of the lytic cycle, thereby enabling the release of progeny viruses. The Chlorella virus, relatively abundant in aquatic environments [4], is expected to have genes responsible for the lysis of the host cell. Thousands of plaque-forming viruses, all of which infect Chlorella sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for a novel Chlorella virus-encoded alginate lyase

Suda

Tanji

Hori

et al. 1999

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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To clone the genes encoding lysis protein from a Chlorella virus, water samples were collected from 13 aquatic environments located in the Kanto area of Japan. Eight water samples contained plaque-forming viruses on Chlorella sp. NC64A, but no virus was detected in the other five samples. A novel Chlorella virus, CVN1, was isolated from the Inba-numa marsh sample. CVN1 genomic DNA was partially digested and shotgun cloned into pUC118 to identify the genomic region responsible for the lytic phenotype on Chlorella sp. NC64A. A DNA fragment which encoded two ORFs, ORF1 and ORF2, was obtained by antialgal assay. The ORF2 gene product, CL2, consisted of 333 amino acids showing antialgal activity not only on the original host of Chlorella sp. NC64A, but also on the heterogeneous hosts of Chlorella vulgaris C-27 and C. vulgaris C-207. CL2 showed a weak homology (19.8% amino acid identity) to mannuronate lyase SP2 from Turbo cornutus. CL2 in Escherichia coli cells was purified using a nickel chelate column. Lyase activity of purified CL2 on alginic acid was observed in an enzyme assay. The specific activity of purified CL2 was 2.1x10(-2) U mg(-1), the optimum pH for enzymatic activity was 10.5, and Ca(2+) was required for enzyme activity. This is the first report of a Chlorella virus protein with lyase activity.

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Viruses and viruslike particles of eukaryotic algae.

Cited by 248 publications

References 96 publications

The effect of host Chlorella NC64A carbon : phosphorus ratio on the production of Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus‐1

The effect of host Chlorella NC64A carbon : phosphorus ratio on the production of Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus‐1

Demographic consequences of disease in a habitat‐forming seaweed and impacts on interactions between natural enemies

Evidence for a novel Chlorella virus-encoded alginate lyase

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