Viruses in a community water supply associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis

Hejkal, Thomas W.; Keswick, Bruce H.; LaBelle, R L; Gerba, Charles P.; Sanchez, Yelin Roca; Dreesman, Gordon R.; Hafkin, Barry; Melnick, Joseph L.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1982.tb04930.x

Cited by 95 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, they often fail to predict the risk for waterborne pathogens, especially protozoan parasites and enteric viruses (15,26). Outbreaks of viral diseases have occurred as a result of the consumption of water with accepted values of coliform standards (8,18), and it has been proven that bacterial standards do not correlate with the presence or absence of viral pathogens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Human and Animal Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses for Determination of Sources of Fecal Contamination in the Environment

Hundesa

Motes

Bofill-Mas

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

150

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The Adenoviridae and Polyomaviridae families comprise a wide diversity of viruses which may be excreted for long periods in feces or urine. In this study, a preliminary analysis of the prevalence in the environment and the potential usefulness as source-tracking tools of human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses has been developed. Molecular assays based on PCR specifically targeting human adenoviruses (HAdV), porcine adenoviruses (PAdV), bovine adenoviruses (BAdV), and bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV) were applied to environmental samples including urban sewage, slaughterhouse, and river water samples. PAdV and BPyV were detected in a very high percentage of samples potentially affected by either porcine or bovine fecal contamination, respectively. However, BAdV were detected in only one sample, showing a lower prevalence than BPyV in the wastewater samples analyzed. The 22 slaughterhouse samples with fecal contamination of animal origin showed negative results for the presence of HAdV. The river water samples analyzed were positive for the presence of both human and animal adenoviruses and polyomaviruses, indicating the existence of diverse sources of contamination. The identities of the viruses detected were confirmed by analyses of the amplified sequences. All BPyV isolates showed a 97% similarity in nucleotide sequences. This is the first time that PAdV5, BAdV6, and BPyV have been reported to occur in environmental samples. Human and porcine adenoviruses and human and bovine polyomaviruses are proposed as tools for evaluating the presence of viral contamination and for tracking the origin of fecal/urine contamination in environmental samples.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Human and Animal Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses for Determination of Sources of Fecal Contamination in the Environment

Hundesa

Motes

Bofill-Mas

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

150

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“…Many waterborne outbreaks associated with noroviruses have been reported (1,3,5,10,15). Usually, epidemiological data prove that water was the common source for the outbreak, and in some molecular tracing studies norovirus strains were successfully identified in the source water and identical sequences were found in stools from patients (4,8,11,12,16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Calicivirus Inactivation by Nonionizing (253.7-Nanometer-Wavelength [UV]) and Ionizing (Gamma) Radiation

Husman¹,

Bijkerk

Lodder³

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

110

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Noroviruses (previously Norwalk-like viruses) are the most common viral agents associated with food-and waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. In the absence of culture methods for noroviruses, animal caliciviruses were used as model viruses to study inactivation by nonionizing (253.7-nm-wavelength [UV]) and ionizing (gamma) radiation. Here, we studied the respiratory feline calicivirus (FeCV) and the presumed enteric canine calicivirus (CaCV) and compared them with the well-studied bacteriophage MS2. When UV irradiation was used, a 3-log 10 reduction was observed at a fluence of 120 J/m 2 in the FeCV suspension and at a fluence of 200 J/m 2 for CaCV; for the more resistant phage MS2 there was a 3-log 10 reduction at a fluence of 650 J/m 2 . Few or no differences were observed between levels of UV inactivation in high-and low-proteincontent virus stocks. In contrast, ionizing radiation could readily inactivate MS2 in water, and there was a 3-log 10 reduction at a dose of 100 Gy, although this did not occur when the phage was diluted in high-proteincontent stocks of CaCV or FeCV. The low-protein-content stocks showed 3-log 10 reductions at a dose of 500 Gy for FeCV and at a dose of 300 for CaCV. The inactivation rates for both caliciviruses with ionizing and nonionizing radiation were comparable but different from the inactivation rates for MS2. Although most FeCV and CaCV characteristics, such as overall particle and genome size and structure, are similar, the capsid sequences differ significantly, making it difficult to predict human norovirus inactivation. Adequate management of UV and gamma radiation processes for virus inactivation should limit public health risks.Human caliciviruses are the most important enteric agents of gastroenteritis in industrialized countries (13,17). Many waterborne outbreaks associated with noroviruses have been reported (1,3,5,10,15). Usually, epidemiological data prove that water was the common source for the outbreak, and in some molecular tracing studies norovirus strains were successfully identified in the source water and identical sequences were found in stools from patients (4,8,11,12,16). Virus concentrations in source water may peak with sewage overflow due to heavy rainfall or leaking septic tanks or pipes (2, 20). Breakdown or malfunctioning of water treatment plants may lead to insufficient reductions in virus concentrations in drinking water (20). Moreover, European legislation is mainly based on bacteriological quality parameters that determine fecal contamination of food and water. Viruses, however, are more resistant to treatment (9), are generally harder to detect, and exhibit lower dose-response relationships than bacteria. Therefore, water may meet microbiological safety guidelines but still pose a considerable health hazard.Irradiation treatment is being used more frequently for disinfection of food and water. Bacteriophages have been used as indicators for inactivation of viruses by ionizing and nonionizing radiation since bacteria are generally less resista...

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“…10 16,17 In one study in which these concentration techniques were used, samples of ground water implicated in a large outbreak of hepatitis A revealed low levels of HAVAg by RIA. 16 In contrast to a previously reported outbreak where HAV was isolated from contaminated water, 10 the fecal coliform counts obtained at the peak of the presumed period of contamination in the present outbreak were 10-to 100-fold lower, suggesting that low levels of ground water contamination can produce significant outbreaks of hepatitis A. This outbreak also demonstrated the stability of HAV in untreated water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

(Expert classified)

Recovery of hepatitis A virus from a water supply responsible for a common source outbreak of hepatitis A.

Bloch¹,

Stramer²,

Smith³

et al. 1990

Am J Public Health

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Viruses in a community water supply associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis

Cited by 95 publications

References 7 publications

Identification of Human and Animal Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses for Determination of Sources of Fecal Contamination in the Environment

Identification of Human and Animal Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses for Determination of Sources of Fecal Contamination in the Environment

Calicivirus Inactivation by Nonionizing (253.7-Nanometer-Wavelength [UV]) and Ionizing (Gamma) Radiation

Recovery of hepatitis A virus from a water supply responsible for a common source outbreak of hepatitis A.

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