Visceral Antinociceptive Effects of Spinal Clonidine Combined with Morphine, [D-Pen sup 2, D-Pen sup 5] Enkephalin, or U50,488H

Abstract

Spinal combinations of alpha 2-adrenergic and mu- or delta- but not kappa-opioid agonists may be beneficial in the control of visceral pain.

Effect of Different Doses of Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvant in Bupivacaine -Induced Subarachnoid Block for Traumatized Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgery: A Prospective, Double-Blinded and Randomized Controlled Study

“…The antinociceptive effect may explain the prolongation of the sensory block when added to spinal anaesthetics. The prolongation of the motor block of spinal anaesthetics may result from the binding of α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists to motor neurons in the dorsal horn [32].…”

Effect of Adding Dexmedetomidine versus Fentanyl to Intrathecal Bupivacaine on Spinal Block Characteristics in Gynecological Procedures: A Double Blind Controlled Study

“…Motor block prolongation by 2-adrenoreceptor agonists may result from binding these agonists to motor neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord [34,35] . Intrathecal 2-receptor agonists have been found to have antinoniceptive action for both somatic and visceral pain [36,37] .…”

Subarachnoid clonidine or fentanyl with low dose hyperbaric bupivacaine for elective caesarean section - A comparative study

“…Experimental studies have shown that opioids and  2 adrenergic agonist administered spinally are able to relieve visceral pain [13][14][15][16] . Clinical efficacy of intrathecal opioid to relieve visceral pain is well established [17][18] .…”

“…Clinical efficacy of intrathecal opioid to relieve visceral pain is well established [17][18] . Antinociceptive action of clonidine exist for both somatic and visceral pain 13,15,16 . In the present study, patients were randomly allocated in three groups: B, BF & BC.…”