Visceral Leishmaniasis: Clinical Observations in 4 US Army Soldiers Deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq, 2002-2004

Myles, Otha; Wortmann, Glenn; Cummings, James F.; Barthel, R. Vincent; Patel, Sugat; Crum-Cianflone, Nancy F.; Negin, Nathan S.; Weina, Peter J.; Ockenhouse, Christian F.; Joyce, Daniel J.; Magill, Alan J.; Aronson, Naomi; Gasser, Robert A.

doi:10.1001/archinte.167.17.1899

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Viszerotrope Verlaufsform (L. tropica) Eine Viszeralisierung der kutanen Verlaufsform durch L. tropica wurde erstmals nach dem ersten Golfkrieg bei amerikanischen Soldaten beschrieben [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Rezidivierende Kutane Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Recidivanunclassified

Diagnosis and therapy of cutaneous and mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis in Germany

Boecken

Sunderkötter

Bogdan

et al. 2011

J Deutsche Derma Gesell

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Rezidivierende Kutane Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Recidivanunclassified

Diagnosis and therapy of cutaneous and mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis in Germany

Boecken

Sunderkötter

Bogdan

et al. 2011

J Deutsche Derma Gesell

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Although mammals cannot synthesize or metabolize chitin, a number of chitinolytic enzymes [true chitinases, e.g., chitotriosidases, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase)] or chitin-binding proteins [chitinase-like proteins (CLPs), e.g., Ym-1, Ym-2, breast regression protein 39 (BRP-39, chondrocyte protein-39)] were discovered in mammals 5,11. Many of the chitinase family proteins are constitutively expressed in macrophages and epithelial cells of the lung and digestive tracts, consisting of the body's first line of defense against exogenous agents including chitin-containing pathogens 12,13.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin, Chitinases and Chitinase-like Proteins in Allergic Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling

2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, consist exoskeleton of lower organisms such as fungi, crustaceans and insects except mammals. Recently, several studies evaluated immunologic effects of chitin in vivo and in vitro and revealed new aspects of chitin regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been shown that exogenous chitin activates macrophages and other innate immune cells and also modulates adaptive type 2 allergic inflammation. These studies further demonstrate that chitin stimulate macrophages by interacting with different cell surface receptors such as macrophage mannose receptor, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1, and leukotriene B4 recepptor (BLT1). On the other hand, a number of chitinase or chitinase-like proteins (C/CLP) are ubiquitously expressed in the airways and intestinal tracts from insects to mammals. In general, these chitinase family proteins confer protective functions to the host against exogenous chitin-containing pathogens. However, substantial body of recent studies also set light on new roles of C/CLP in the development and progression of allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling. In this review, recent findings on the role of chitin and C/CLP in allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling will be highlighted and controversial and unsolved issues in this field of studies will be discussed.

show abstract

“…Troops deployed to Iraq acquired CL predominantly from L. major infection [18], while troops in Afghanistan were infected with both CL caused by L. tropica and L. major , and VL from L. infantum-donovani [18], [20]. Of particular concern were the effects of anti-leishmania therapy for L. tropica and L. infantum-donovani infections and whether reactivation of these infections will become widespread among veterans of the Afghanistan conflict [18], [20], [21]. While deployed to Liberia during Operation Sheltering Sky in 2003, cases of P. falciparum malaria occurred in 44 Marines (14 confirmed and 30 presumptive cases) out of the 225 total Marines deployed, resulting in a 20% attack rate which occurred within ten days of arrival in Liberia [22].…”

Section: –Present: Operations Enduring Freedom Iraqi Freedom Nementioning

confidence: 99%