Visceral Leishmaniasis in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia: Reemerging or Emerging?

Abera, Adugna; Tasew, Geremew; Tsegaw, Teshome; Kejella, Asfaw; Mulugeta, Abate; Worku, Dagimlidet; Aseffa, Abraham; Gadisa, Endalamaw

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0738

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In the current study participants who owned dog had 2.6 (95% CI 1.54, 4.40) times higher chance of being LST positive, a nding that paralleled the report by Bsrat et al (2018) [9], yet, the seroprevalence in dogs was higher in the current study. This difference might be due we purposely sampled dogs owned by households with LST positive members and also the small sample size, as our aim was not to determine prevalence in dogs but generate a lead data if dogs are implicated in the transmission.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Thus, we examined personal and household factors implicated with L. donovani infections. The signi cant differences in exposure between males and females observed in the present study was supported by Ali et al, (2002), Hailu et al, (2009) and Bantie et al, (2014) [9,11,13]. This could be due to the reason that males are mostly engaged in outdoor activities and stay out door that might have increased their chance to sand y bites.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The mega projects, great Ethiopian Renaissance dam, large scale irrigation and rain feed commercial agricultures and mining activities; have resulted in vast ecological and sociodemographic changes. The rapid assessment by Abera et al (2018) [6] reported a 7.3% (20/275) VL asymptomatic infection prevalence in two kebeles (sub districts), in where a VL case reported to have lived [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human and Dog, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia

Bejano

Shumie

Asemahagn

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Benishangul-Gumuz region is an important development corridor in Ethiopia. The large-scale projects; the great renaissance dam, mining and agriculture entailed huge environmental modification and settlement pattern changes. Detail epidemiological information of VL in the region is unknown. Materials and Methods A cross sectional study to assess the epidemiology and risk factors associated with asymptomatic VL. Leishmanin skin test (LST) was done for 1342 participants, and for 253 of them rK39 and DAT were done. Thirty-six dogs owned by households with LST positive member(s) were rK39 and DAT tested. A pretested questionnaire was used to capture individual and household characteristics. Results Of the 89.2% (1197/1342) who availed themselves for LST reading 6.0% were positive. The rk39 and DAT positivity among the 253 tested were 3.2% and 5.9% respectively. In dogs, positivity rates by rK39 and DAT were 13.9% and 5.6% respectively. Of the household and individual risk factors presence of dog in household (P = 0.005), male sex (0.003), residence woreda (0.000) and occupation (0.023) showed a strong positive association with LST positivity. Individuals who lived in household who owned dogs were 2.6 times more likely to be LST positive (AOR = 2.6; 95%CI = 1.54, 4.40). Being female decreased by 0.38 times the probability of being LST positive (AOR = 0.38; 95%CI = 0.20, 0.72). Living in Guba and Kurmuk has 4.7 (AOR = 4.74, 95% CI 1.83, 12.31) and 5.9 (AOR = 5.85, 95%CI 2.27, 15.09) times more risk of being infected. Conclusions We demonstrated presence of active VL transmission in the areas. Thus, we underline the need to establish the responsible vector(s) and reservoir(s) for comprehensive early containment plan to prevent potentially harmful public health and economic consequence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human and Dog, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia

Bejano

Shumie

Asemahagn

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Both techniques were carried out by trained clinical nurse. The two antibody detection tests, the ITleish rapid diagnostic test (RDT) (DiaMed-IT LEISH rK39 (DiaMed AG, Cressier sur Morat, Switzerland) ( Benson et al, 1996 , Mettler et al, 2005 , Abera et al, 2016 ) ( Fig. 2 a), which referred to rk39 antigen based immunochromatographic test (human and dog) and the leishmanin skin test (human) (hypersensitivity reaction based test; Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran) ( Ali et al, 2004 , Abera et al, 2016 ) ( Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological investigation of visceral Leishmania infection in human and its associated risk factors in Welkait District, Western Tigray, Ethiopia

Bsrat

Berhe²,

Gadissa

et al. 2018

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is major neglected public health problem in terms of geographical spread and incidence in Ethiopia. Magnitude, public health impact and dynamics of VL were not well studied in Welkait District, Western Tigray, though the area is known for VL. Hence, this study aimed to determine sero-prevalence of human VL and associated risk factors in Welkait as new foci. A cross sectional study design was employed in this study. Two stage stratified random sampling method was used to select study participants. Hence, a total of 329 human study participants were included for serological survey using ITleish and leishmanin skin tests. Semi structured questionnaire was also used to identify VL associated risk factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression statistical methods were used to determine the degree of association. The overall sero-prevalence of human VL in the study area was found to be 8.81%. Statistical significant difference in the prevalence of the disease was found among Sub-districts, sex, re-settlement, sleeping outdoor and dog ownership (P < 0.05). Participants who resettled from their original place were found 2 times (AOR = 2.143; 95% CI = 1.02, 14.20) more vulnerable to VL infection. Those who had an experience of sleeping outdoor were found almost 4 times (AOR = 4.29; 95% CI = 1.58, 11.69) more likely to be at risk of acquiring VL infection than those sleep indoor. Furthermore, individuals who owned dogs were 3 times more prone to the VL infection than their counterparts (AOR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.29, 8.76). Alarming sero-positivity of human VL was recorded from new foci. Hence, it is recommended to improve the VL health services in the study area. The investigation also invites further study on VL dynamics in the study area.

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“…East Africa carries the secondhighest burden of VL in the world. This region witnessed a re-emergence of VL, which makes it an increasing public health threat [1][2][3]. In the last few decades, VL outbreaks claimed hundreds of lives in the region both in the previously endemic and nonendemic areas [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of in-house liquid direct agglutination test antigen: the potential diagnostic test in visceral Leishimaniasis endemic areas of Northwest Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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Background: Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia is a re-emerging threat to public health, with increased geographical distribution and number of cases. It is a fatal disease without early diagnosis and treatment; thus, the availability of affordable diagnostic tools is crucial. However, due to delays caused by import regulations, procurement and late delivery of imported test kits, accessibility remains a problem in the control program. Therefore, we aimed to produce and evaluate the performance of an in-house liquid (AQ) direct agglutination test (DAT) antigen.Result: The AQ-DAT was produced at the Armauer Hansen Research Institute, using Leishmania donovani strain (MHOM/ET/67/L82). Sera from 272 participants; 110 microscopically confirmed cases of VL, 76 apparently healthy and 86 patients who had infectious disease other than VL were tested with AQ-DAT, and standard kits: Freeze-dried DAT (FD-DAT) and rK39. Taking microscopy as a gold standard; the sensitivity and specificity of the AQ-DAT were 97.3 and 98.8%, respectively. It had high degrees of agreement (k > 0.8), with a significant (P < 0.05) correlation compared to microscopy, FD-DAT, and rK39.Conclusion: Although further standardization is required, the in-house AQ-DAT could improve diagnostic accessibility, minimize intermittent stock outs and strengthen the national VL control program.

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Visceral Leishmaniasis in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia: Reemerging or Emerging?

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Prevalence of Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human and Dog, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia

Prevalence of Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human and Dog, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia

Serological investigation of visceral Leishmania infection in human and its associated risk factors in Welkait District, Western Tigray, Ethiopia

Validation of in-house liquid direct agglutination test antigen: the potential diagnostic test in visceral Leishimaniasis endemic areas of Northwest Ethiopia

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