Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in two patients with HIV-1 infection: Atypical features and response to therapy

Visceral leishmaniasis after renal transplantation: report of 4 cases in northeastern Brazil

“…In recent years, the incidence of this disease is increasing in urban areas of Brazil, with important outbreaks being documented (14). VL is a known opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients (8), and could also occur in other immunosuppressive states, including renal transplantation (16, 17). The clinical features are similar in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts, but mortality is higher among immunosuppressed patients (12, 17).…”

“…The incidence of VL is increasing in immunosuppressed patients, with a broad range of manifestations (5–8). With the development of new renal transplantation units in Brazil, an endemic area for VL, its incidence in transplanted patients is expected to increase in the following years.…”

Visceral leishmaniasis with duodenal involvement: three immunocompetent cases from southern Iran

“…In the cases described so far, the most common signs and symptoms have been diarrhoea (Laguna et al, 1994;Bechade et al, 1996;Wang et al, 1999;Hofman et al, 2000), abdominal pain (Laguna et al, 1994;Velasco et al, 1998;Wang et al, 1999), fever (Hamour et al, 1998), epigastric pain (Laguna et al, 1994), gastro-intestinal haemorrhage and malabsorption (Sendino et al, 1990). Two of the three cases described here presented with diarrhoea, two were febrile, and all three had unusual blood-cell counts (pancytopenia, thromobocytopenia and/or leucocytosis).…”

“…The intestinal symptoms may be the first manifestation of VL or appear as a relapse (Laguna et al, 1994;Sebastian et al, 1997). Co-infection with HIV appears to increase the risk of intestinal involvement in VL (Datry et al, 1990;Michiels et al, 1992;Jablonowski et al, 1994;Laguna et al, 1994;Bechade et al, 1996;Alonso et al, 1997;Hamour et al, 1998;Velasco et al, 1998;Hofman et al, 2000).…”

Normolipaemic xanthomas in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection

“…Finally, opportunistic infection should be considered, as cutaneous xanthoma‐like lesions have been reported in patients with atypical visceral leishmaniasis complicating HIV infection. 5 Thus, the association between normolipaemic xanthomas and AIDS now seems to be established, but the pathogenesis remains obscure.…”