Visceral obesity: A new risk factor for stone disease

Abstract

Introduction: We examined the relationship between stone disease and the amount of visceral adipose tissue measured with unenhanced computed tomography (CT). Methods: We included 149 patients with complaints of flank pain and kidney stones detected by CT, from August 2012 to April 2013. In addition, as the control group we included 139 healthy individuals, with flank pain within the same time period, with no previous history of urological disease and no current kidney stones identified by CT. Patients were analyzed for age, gender, body mass index, amount of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and serum level of low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride. Results: There were no differences between groups in terms of gender and age (p = 0.27 and 0.06, respectively). Respective measurements for the stone and control groups for body mass index were 29.1 and 27.6 kg/m 2 ; for visceral fat measurement 186.0 and 120.2 cm 2 ; and for subcutaneous fat measurements 275.9 and 261.9 cm 2 (p = 0.01; 0.01 and 0.36, respectively). Using multivariate analysis, the following factors were identified as increasing the risk of kidney stone formation: hyperlipidemia (p = 0.003), hypertension (p = 0.001), and ratio of visceral fat tissue to subcutaneous fat tissue (p = 0.01). Our study has its limitations, including its retrospective nature, its small sample size, possible selection bias, and missing data. The lack of stone composition data is another major limitation of our study. Conclusion:The ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue, in addition to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, was identified as an emerging factor in the formation of kidney stones.

The Relationship Between Nephrolithiasis Risk with Body Fat Measured by Body Composition Analyzer in Obese Peopale

“…There is also an evidence to suggest that higher adiposity, especially subcutaneous (non-visceral) fat, may also be associated with better outcomes in the end-stage renal disease patients ( 26 ). A case-control study with sex- and age-matched between two groups that measurements for the stone and control groups for BMI were 29.1 and 27.6 kg/m 2 ( 2 ), indicated that VSR, in addition to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension were emerging factors in the formation of kidney stones. As a marker of visceral obesity, visceral fat area contributes to the risk of metabolic syndrome and urolithiasis.…”

“…Obesity (body mass index (BMI) of >30 kg/m 2 ) has reached an epidemic stage and represents a challenge for health authorities across the globe ( 1 , 2 ). Obesity has become an epidemic condition around the world, and affects 10-27% of men and up to 38% of women in European countries ( 3 , 4 ).…”

“…Epidemiological studies suggest that a greater BMI ( 5 , 6 ), greater body weight ( 5 - 7 ), larger waist circumference and major weight gain are independently associated with a greater risk of renal stone formation ( 5 ). Recent reports suggested that kidney stone disease carries a risk of myocardial infarction, the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and diabetes ( 2 ). Along with an increase in obesity, we have also experienced an increase in the incidence of associated urolithiasis ( 5 ).…”

The Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction as a Complex Cellular Source for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…WAT found around the viscera, termed visceral adipose tissue (VAT), are often found in excessive quantities during obesity and metabolic disease. Increases in VAT stores can also raise one's risk of developing cardiovascular disease, 85,86 digestive disorders, 87 and certain urological diseases, 88 to name a few. Given that excessive VAT is detrimental, it is reasonable to ask whether SVF isolated from VAT, compared with SVF from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), is equally as detrimental or dysfunctional.…”

The influence of metabolic syndrome and its components on the development of nephrolithiasis

“…Increasing visceral adipose tissue, as measured by computed tomography (CT), was reported to be associated with the risk of developing uric acid and calcium oxalate stones [6] . Kidney stone risk has also been shown to be positively correlated with the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous fat tissue and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] .…”