Visceral Tissue Mass and Rumen Volume in Dairy Cows During the Transition from Late Gestation to Early Lactation

Reynolds, C.K.; Dürst, B.; Lupoli, B.; Humphries, D. J.; Beever, D. E.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73240-3

Cited by 108 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This is also demonstrated by infusion of glucose into the jejunum of rats, which stimulated mucosal protein synthesis (Weber et al, 1989). Reynolds et al (2004) found that changes in gastro-intestinal and liver mass during transition are apparently consequences of changes in DMI and nutrient supply and not initiated by lactation per se. They also found that the type of diet had little effect on visceral mass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Post-ruminal or intravenous infusions of carbohydrates or amino acids to dairy cows 1. Early lactation

Schei

Danfær²,

Boman

et al. 2007

Animal

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The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of post-ruminal and intravenous infusions of wheat starch or glucose (CHO) or a mixture of amino acids (AA) on milk protein yield, nitrogen utilisation, plasma metabolites and mammary extraction rate of dairy cows in early lactation. Eight cow, ruminally fistulated, was assigned to two 4 £ 4 Latin squares during 14-day periods, where the last 7 days were for infusions. Infusions were: (1) starch in the abomasum (SP), (2) glucose in the blood (GB), (3) AA in the abomasum (AP), and (4) AA in the blood (AB). The experiment started 54^4 days (mean^S.E.) post partum (milk yield 33.4^1.7 kg). Daily amounts of nutrients infused were 378, 365, 341, and 333 g for SP, GB, AP and AB, respectively. The cows were fed a basal diet consisting of a concentrate mixture and grass silage (55:45 on dry-matter (DM) basis), and DM intake was 17.2 kg/day. Milk production was affected by site of infusion within substrate, whereas infusion substrates within infusion site (CHO or AA) were of minor importance. Compared with SP infusion, GB infusion increased ( P , 0.05) milk protein yield and concentration by 55 g and 1 g/kg. The AB infusion tended to ( P , 0.10) increase milk yield and ECM and increased ( P , 0.05) protein yield and concentration by 1.8 and 2.2 kg, 83 g and 1.1 g/kg compared with AP infusion, respectively. Nitrogen balance data indicated higher losses of metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) by abomasal than by intravenous infusions, and an increased ( P , 0.05) catabolism for AP and AB infusions compared with SP and GB infusions. GB infusion did not increase ( P . 0.10) plasma glucose or insulin concentrations above that of SP infusion. Compared with the SP infusion, the GB infusion had minor effect on plasma AA. AP infusion increased ( P , 0.05) plasma non-essential AA (NEAA) concentration compared with AB infusion, whereas infusion site of AA had no effect ( P . 0.05) on essential AA (EAA) or branched-chain AA (BCAA). Although a higher milk protein synthesis was observed for AB infusion, the mammary extraction rate was not higher ( P . 0.05) than for AP infusion. Across infusion site, AP and AB infusions increased plasma concentration of EAA and BCAA, but compared with GB infusion, the mammary extraction rates tended ( P , 0.10) to be lower. It is concluded that abomasal nutrient infusion increases loss of MFN and that the gastrointestinal metabolism influences the nutrients available for milk synthesis. Our conclusion is that when glucose was infused, AA limited a further milk protein synthesis, but when AA was infused, glucose or energy substrate might have been the limiting factor. Our results verify that glucogenic substrates are limiting when cows are in negative energy balance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Post-ruminal or intravenous infusions of carbohydrates or amino acids to dairy cows 1. Early lactation

Schei

Danfær²,

Boman

et al. 2007

Animal

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“…The extent to which the EAAs taken up by the liver were actually utilised for gluconeogenesis is in fact unknown and would require use of isotope tracer studies, as conducted for some non-EAAs by Bergman and Heitmann (1978). Taking the numerous metabolic pathways utilising EAAs for anabolic purposes, for example, synthesis of export proteins (Bender, 1985) and post partum liver growth (Gibb et al, 1992;Reynolds et al, 2004), these would likely leave very little EAAs for gluconeogenesis on a net basis.…”

Section: Quantitative Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precursors for liver gluconeogenesis in periparturient dairy cows

Larsen

Kristensen

2013

Animal

102

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The review is based on a compiled data set from studies quantifying liver release of glucose concomitant with uptake of amino acids (AA) and other glucogenic precursors in periparturient dairy cows. It has become dogma that AAs are significant contributors to liver gluconeogenesis in early lactation, presumably accounting for the observed lack of glucogenic precursors to balance estimated glucose need. Until recently, there has been paucity in quantitative data on liver nutrient metabolism in the periparturient period. Propionate is the quantitatively most important glucogenic precursor throughout the periparturient period. However, the immediate post partum increment in liver release of glucose is not followed by an equivalent increment in propionate uptake, because of the lower rate of increment in feed intake compared with the rate of increment in requirements for milk synthesis. The quantitative data on liver metabolism of AA do not support the hypothesis that the rapid post partum increase in net liver release of glucose is supported by increased utilisation of AA for gluconeogenesis. Only alanine is likely to contribute to liver release of glucose through its role in the inter-organ transfer of nitrogen from catabolised AA. AAs seem to be prioritised for anabolic purposes, indicating the relevance of investigating effects of supplying additional protein to post partum dairy cows. Combining data from quantitative and qualitative experimental techniques on L-lactate metabolism point to the conclusion that the quantitatively most important adaptation of metabolism to support the increased glucose demand in the immediate post partum period is endogenous recycling of glucogenic carbon through lactate. This is mediated by a dual site of adaptation of metabolism in the liver and in the peripheral tissues, where the liver affinity for L-lactate is increased and glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues is shifted towards L-lactate formation over complete oxidation.

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“…A) Anatomical development -It is the growth of rumen mass and rumen papillae (Reynolds et al, 2004). Rumen Papillae are finger-like projections present on the surface of the rumen, which absorb nutrients from the rumen contents, and for its development, rumen microbes require moisture, a fermentable substance, and heat (required for fermentation provided by the body temperature of the calf).…”

Section: Development Of the Rumen As An Organmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional drivers of rumen development: A review

Gupta

Khan

Rastogi

et al. 2016

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Proper development of the rumen is an imperative chore that can be controlled to benefit both the calf and producer. The process of rumen development can be enhanced with right nutrition and management that can reduce the cost of raising a calf. Important considerations in regard to nutrition at the time of rumen growth (birth to approximately three months) can lead to faster rumen development and better growth rate of neonatal calves. Additionally, calves with well developed rumen at weaning are less susceptible to diseases and gain more body weight with lower management and labor costs. Therefore present review discusses the different nutritional factors affecting earlier rumen development.

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Visceral Tissue Mass and Rumen Volume in Dairy Cows During the Transition from Late Gestation to Early Lactation

Cited by 108 publications

References 29 publications

Post-ruminal or intravenous infusions of carbohydrates or amino acids to dairy cows 1. Early lactation

Post-ruminal or intravenous infusions of carbohydrates or amino acids to dairy cows 1. Early lactation

Precursors for liver gluconeogenesis in periparturient dairy cows

Nutritional drivers of rumen development: A review

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