Viscoelastic behavior of athletics track surfaces in relation to their force reduction

Benanti, Michele; Andena, Luca; Briatico‐Vangosa, Francesco; Pavan, A.

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.09.008

Cited by 18 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Two of the materials already investigated in [17] were chosen for the present study. They are a running track based on Ethylene-Propylene terpolymer rubber (EPDM) (referred to as material A here and in [17]), whose structure is shown in Figure 2, and a 75 phr (equivalent to a filler volume fraction of 0.29) carbon black filled natural rubber (NR) having a SHORE A hardness of 75.…”

Section: Materials and Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are a running track based on Ethylene-Propylene terpolymer rubber (EPDM) (referred to as material A here and in [17]), whose structure is shown in Figure 2, and a 75 phr (equivalent to a filler volume fraction of 0.29) carbon black filled natural rubber (NR) having a SHORE A hardness of 75. While between the layers, since measurements performed on samples made of either bound or unbound layers in a previous work [17] showed no difference in force reduction.…”

Section: Materials and Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Keeping in mind the results obtained in [17] and the expected finite strains rubbery behavior of the materials investigated in this work, the simple yet accurate Neo-Hookean and Mooney-Rivlin's hyperelastic models [19] were considered.…”

Section: Constitutive Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent work, Benanti et al [17] revised that of Durà and co-workers, emphasizing the prominent influence on FR of surface thickness, which dominates over that of the constituent 4 materials' properties. This is particularly true in the typical range of surface thickness values -i.e.…”

Section: Introduction and Aim Of The Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite highlighting the combined effects of track surface thickness and constituent material inherent rigidity on FR, no simple predictive model was proposed in [17]; yet, the need of an adequate model was pointed out. Besides the patent advantages that such a model would offer in the design and development of optimized track surfaces, it could also help to get a better insight in the dynamics of the impacts occurring during athletics activity, thus supplying important information that goes beyond FR alone to biomechanical studies.…”

Section: Introduction and Aim Of The Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of shock absorption in athletics track surfaces

et al. 2014

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In this work the possibility of predicting the Force Reduction (FR) characterizing the shock absorption capability of track surfaces by finite element modeling was investigated. The mechanical responses of a typical sport surface and of a reference material were characterized by quasi-static uniaxial compression experiments and fitted by Neo-Hookean and Mooney-Rivlin's hyperelastic models to select the more appropriate one. Furthermore, in order to examine the materials behavior at strain rates typical of athletics applications, the rate dependence of the constitutive parameters was investigated. A finite element model, taking into consideration the post-impact nonlinear dynamics of the track surface and of the system (track surface + artificial athlete), was developed and validated through comparison with the results of FR tests. The simulations showed a very good agreement with the experiments and allowed to interpret the experimentally observed combined effect of track thickness and material intrinsic properties on the overall surface behavior.Manuscript (excluding authors' names and affiliations) 1

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Section: Materials and Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials and Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Constitutive Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction and Aim Of The Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction and Aim Of The Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of shock absorption in athletics track surfaces

et al. 2014

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Shock absorption properties of synthetic sports surfaces: A review

Hong

Zheng

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Repeated impact loading during running is a risk factor in the etiology of overuse injuries. Shock absorption can reflect the degree of force attenuation when the heel lands first during movement. This study summarizes the major achievements in the existing literature regarding shock absorption from the engineering perspective and then suggests directions for further investigation. Studies have explained the influencing factors related to shock absorption from the synthetic sports surface itself. Some special measurement methods that can be used to assess vertical and horizontal shock absorption simultaneously are discussed. Numerical simulations related to shock absorption are reviewed, including how to acquire a constitutive model of the sports surface and simulate the manner of loading. Future work should aim to build "player movement-surface structure and material-player performance" relationship systems, with more accurate measurements of shock absorption properties in the vertical and horizontal directions and numerical models that can truly reflect actual movements. Solving these problems can strengthen the theoretical and practical understanding of the relationship between synthetic sports surfaces and injury, and athletes can develop more expert performance with fewer injuries. KEYWORDSforce reduction, measurement, shock absorption, simulation, synthetic sports surface | INTRODUCTIONThe overall yearly incidence rate for running injuries varies between 37% and 56%. 1 Hence, related to bodily injury, the performance of synthetic running track surfaces, which are used for indoor and outdoor recreational or game surfaces, is always valued.There are mainly two collision ways between foot and ground in running, including a rear-foot strike (RFS) (Figure 1A and 1B) and a Nomenclature: b, stiffness coefficients; C 1 ,C 2 ,C 3 , instantaneous elastic constants; C 10 ,C 01 , material parameters within the small-strain limit; E, elastic modulus; E * (ω), complex modulus in uniaxial tension/compression; E′(ω), storage modulus; E ′′ (ω), loss modulus; F, force applied to the specimen; f, frequency; f c , force generated by the nonlinear viscous element; f k , force generated by the nonlinear elastic element; G(i), amplitude; G(t), the reduced relaxation function; G∞, the long term modulus once the material is totally relaxed; k, stiffness constant which depends on the surface's elastic modulus and the geometry of the impactor; k0, p0,p1,c0,c1,c2,r0,r1,r2,q0,q1,q2, undetermined coefficients; L,L0, the current and initial lengths of the material specimen; m, mass of test foot; n, nonlinearity coefficient; r, the radius of the hammer head; t, time; u, viscosity coefficients; x, deformation; _ x, deformation velocity; € x, deformation acceleration; β, undetermined coefficients; β i , the decay rate of relaxation; δ(ω), the phase shift angle between the stress and the applied strain; ε, strain; ε(t), stress with time; ε 0 , amplitude; λ, the stretch ratio; μ, the elastic parameter; σ, the tensile stress; σ e (ε), the inst...

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Modelling the cushioning properties of athletic tracks

et al. 2018

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In this work a three-dimensional finite element model of athletic tracks is presented. The model is based on data from quasi-static compression tests performed on small laboratory samples, to tune the constitutive parameters. The model was validated on three different athletic tracks, considering their top and bottom layers. Model predictions compared well with the results of shock absorption tests performed using a standard artificial athlete system, with relative errors of a few percent in terms of shock absorption. The model was then used to investigate the effect of the geometric structure of different tracks on their shock absorption capabilities. In particular, a reduction in size of the bottom layer cell pattern increased cushioning; the same property was shown to depend on the pattern voids depth in a non-monotonic way. A maximum in shock absorption was found for a void depth value about 40% higher than the one currently used in the analysed track patterns.

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Viscoelastic behavior of athletics track surfaces in relation to their force reduction

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Modeling of shock absorption in athletics track surfaces

Modeling of shock absorption in athletics track surfaces

Shock absorption properties of synthetic sports surfaces: A review

Modelling the cushioning properties of athletic tracks

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