Viscosity measurements of poly(ethyleneglycol) 400 [PEG 400] at temperatures from 293 K to 348 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa using the vibrating wire technique

Sequeira, Maria Carolina; Pereira, Marta F. V.; Avelino, Helena Maria da Nóbrega Teixeira; Caetano, Fernando J. P.; Fareleira, João M. N. A.

doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2019.05.012

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Pd-catalyzed reactions (the importance of these can be seen in the 2010 Nobel prize award for their discovery) have also been carried out in PEG under both homocatalytic and heterocatalytic conditions where Pd is immobilized onto a porous silica material. − PEGs have also been successfully used as components in deep eutectic solvents. − Despite all of these successes, there are only limited experimental and theoretical studies on the dynamics of neat PEG. − Experimental physicochemical properties of PEGs are needed to further this effort. In this respect, densities and viscosities have been repeatedly reported for several polydisperse PEGs usually as part of studies on binary mixtures involving polydisperse PEGs. − The polydisperse PEGs are composed of mixtures of PEG oligomers with approximately a Gaussian mole fraction distribution around the mean chain length. ,, It is likely that the exact mole fraction distribution may vary from vendor to vendor and possibly even from batch to batch. Unfortunately, a composition analysis of polydisperse PEGs is typically not included in the above cited studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Ethylene Glycol Oligomers

Hoffmann

Horowitz

Gutmann³

et al. 2021

J. Chem. Eng. Data

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is gaining interest as an alternative green solvent in chemical synthesis and processing. This report presents density and viscosity data from 293.15 K to 358.15 K as well as self-diffusion coefficient data from 298.15 K to 358.15 K for oligomers of PEG from di-to nonaethylene glycol. The results were obtained by extrapolation from measurement series where water, the most common impurity in PEGs, was intentionally added in several increments. The obtained results are carefully compared to literature data, which are widely available only for density and viscosity, and only for the lower oligomers. Densities are found to be linearly dependent on temperatures for all studied oligomers. The temperature dependence of viscosity and self-diffusion coefficients show only slight deviations from the Arrhenius equation over the investigated temperature range. The activation energies obtained from the viscosity data agree well with the activation energies from the self-diffusion coefficient data and appear to be linearly dependent with respect to the number of ethylene oxide repeat units in the PEG oligomer. This linearity combined with the observation that the pre-exponential factor appears to be the same for all studied oligomers may serve as a tool to estimate viscosities and self-diffusion coefficients for higher oligomers within the investigated temperature range. The densities of the oligomers all fall within a rather narrow range without a clear trend in homologous series.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Ethylene Glycol Oligomers

Hoffmann

Horowitz

Gutmann³

et al. 2021

J. Chem. Eng. Data

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We note that the height scales and lateral scales are not at the same scale so the visual aspect ratios of these data are deceptive, and the drop shapes are close to the shapes shown in Figure c. We note that the height differences of the different liquids vary with glycerol > EMIM > PEG 400 and that this variation is consistent with their room temperature viscosities of 1411, 205, and 114 mPa·s. − We interpret this consistency in the height differences as due to the viscosity-dependent rates of liquid drainage through the sessile capillary bridges during flow coating, as discussed above. The data in Figure with negative height values are from the cured PDMS replicas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…The ∼3 μm high features impart depressions with depths less than 1 μm. The nonvolatile (bp 250 °C) 31 oligomer apparently has sufficient solubility in PDMS to dissolve and diffuse into the silicone. The kinetics of this absorption are evidently similar to the rate of curing.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sessile Liquid Features as Molds for Silicone Elastomers

Shimosaka

McCarthy

2020

Langmuir

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Liquid applied to a chemically patterned (wetting/ nonwetting, lyophilic/lyophobic) substrate forms a 3-dimensional contoured surface, the shape of which depends on the volume of liquid applied and the shape of the three-phase contact lines of air (or other phase in contact), liquid, and the wetted pattern. The resulting binary contoured interface with air, which consists of flat unwetted regions of the substrate and the mean curvature liquid− vapor interfaces of the sessile structures, can be used as a mold for imprinting solid polymers by curing liquid resins in contact. The success, flexibility with regard to shape, and reproducibility of this molding process depend on numerous issues. These include the substrate surface chemistry, the liquid application method, properties of the liquid (vapor pressure, surface tension, viscosity, and permeability in the resin), the contact angles of the liquid on the patterned substrate, and the resin curing chemistry and conditions. We investigate the room temperature platinum(0)-catalyzed curing of the most commonly studied commercial silicone elastomer, Sylgard 184, using molds composed of sessile drops of liquids on circular wetting features (bare silicon wafer) patterned on covalently attached fluoroalkylsilyl monolayers. Liquids reported are water, glycerol, an ethylene glycol oligomer, and an ionic liquid. The vapor pressure of water and its permeability in dimethyl silicone were important (and problematic) issues that could be controlled by adjusting humidity. The ionic liquid N-ethyl-N′methylimidazolium methanesulfonate poisoned/inhibited the curing chemistry and affected silicone cross-link density and the resulting feature shape, but its lack of vapor pressure was useful in studying flow coating as a scalable liquid application method. The ethylene glycol oligomer exhibited compatibility with (and diffusion into) the silicone. Glycerol proved to be the most well-behaved and controllable liquid studied and was used to demonstrate that condensation/evaporation can be used to adjust feature shape.

show abstract

“…PEG 400 is a more viscous liquid compared to PG. PEG 400 has a viscosity of 114.5 mPa.s at 20 o C while PG has a viscosity of 60.61 mPa.s (Sagdeev et al, 2017;Sequeira et al, 2019). Solution of 10% PEG 400 in water has pH of 5, and the pH will increase proportionally with PEG 400 concentration, therefore an increase of PEG 400 concentration will result in a more basic gel and its thicker nature will increase the adhesivity of the gel (Guilminot et al, 2002).…”

Section: Results and Discussion Optimization Of Peg 400 And Propylene...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and optimization of Curcuma longa Linn. oleoresin non-aqueous gel for transdermal delivery

Arimurni¹,

S²,

Colatama³

2022

Pharmaciana

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A long-term oral administration of NSAID and DMARD on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment may cause gastritis, kidney, and cardiovascular disorder. One of the alternative therapies that have been investigated is by using herbal medicine such as Curcuma longa Linn. which contains curcumin and essential oils. Even though both compounds are quite effective in treating RA, poor aqueous solubility and low intestinal absorption limit their oral bioavailability. To overcome these drawbacks, transdermal delivery was chosen as an alternative route of administration. This study was aimed to formulate the Curcuma longa Linn. oleoresin into a transdermal non-aqueous gel system using Carbopol 934 and low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (4.25:0.75 %) as the gelling agent. In this study, multiple solvents (PEG 400, PG, glycerin, ethanol, and tween 20) were used in the system. The solvents were chosen based on their ability to dissolve the gelling agents. Optimization was done using a simplex lattice design based on the physical characteristics (viscosity, pH, spreadability, and adhesivity) of the prepared gel. The system with the optimum concentration of PEG 400 and PG was then observed for its stability and in vitro transport through snakeskin membrane using Franz diffusion cell with PBS pH 7.4 as acceptor medium. The optimal formula was comprised of 75% PEG and 25% PG which has a viscosity of 6.34+0.19 dPa.s, adhesivity of 6.05+0.11 seconds, pH of 5.16+0.09, spreadability of 6.94+0.06 cm, and quite stable after freeze-thaw cycling test, whilst around 26.85% curcumin was diffused through the membrane (flux = 0.084 mg.cm -2 ) after 2 hours. It can be concluded that the Curcuma longa Linn. oleoresin can be formulated into a non-aqueous gel system, which showed a fair gel physical characteristic with good stability and ability to permeate across the skin membrane, and is promising to be further developed as an alternative for RA treatment.

show abstract

Viscosity measurements of poly(ethyleneglycol) 400 [PEG 400] at temperatures from 293 K to 348 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa using the vibrating wire technique

Cited by 19 publications

References 33 publications

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Ethylene Glycol Oligomers

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Ethylene Glycol Oligomers

Sessile Liquid Features as Molds for Silicone Elastomers

Development and optimization of Curcuma longa Linn. oleoresin non-aqueous gel for transdermal delivery

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Viscosity measurements of poly(ethyleneglycol) 400 [PEG 400] at temperatures from 293 K to 348 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa using the vibrating wire technique

Cited by 19 publications

References 33 publications

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Ethylene Glycol Oligomers

Densities, Viscosities, and Self-Diffusion Coefficients of Ethylene Glycol Oligomers

Sessile Liquid Features as Molds for Silicone Elastomers

Development and optimization of Curcuma longa Linn. oleoresin non-aqueous gel for transdermal delivery

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Viscosity measurements of poly(ethyleneglycol) 400 [PEG 400] at temperatures from 293 K to 348 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa using the vibrating wire technique