Viscosity of molten alkali chlorides

Brockner, W.; Toerklep, Knut; Oeye, H. A.

doi:10.1021/je00025a007

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The extrapolated values for LiCI in the work above are in agreement with the recommended data base for LiCl[1]; recent work by Brockner, Torklep and Oye shows that the viscosities for LiCI cited in[I] are uniformly too high (-4%)[235].…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

Molten Salts: Volume 5, Part 2. Additional Single and Multi-Component Salt Systems. Electrical Conductance, Density, Viscosity and Surface Tension Data

Janz¹,

Tomkins²

1983

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data

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Evaluated data for the four properties, density, surface tension, viscosity, and electrical conductance are reported for salt systems in which both the anionic and cationic species may differ. This contrasts with the systems in the preceding publications in this series in which the anionic species were, in general, the same in the binary mixtures. The results are reported in equation form, with brief tables of numerical· values. A cross index by salt system was compiled and is included for ease of accessing the data tables.

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supporting

confidence: 85%

Molten Salts: Volume 5, Part 2. Additional Single and Multi-Component Salt Systems. Electrical Conductance, Density, Viscosity and Surface Tension Data

Janz¹,

Tomkins²

1983

Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data

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“…This can be derived from the apparent “activation energies”, [ t = E a ( Λ )/ E a ( η )], which have long been known to be less for the (molar) conductivity than for the viscosity 37. For example, using literature data38, 39 for NaCl in the range 1080–1290 K, one obtains t =0.47, which is quite low. Other alkali halides have higher values, up to about 1 for CsI.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport, Electrochemical and Thermophysical Properties of Two N‐Donor‐Functionalised Ionic Liquids

Rüther

Harris

Horne

et al. 2013

Chemistry A European J

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Two N-donor-functionalised ionic liquids (ILs), 1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpiperazinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (1) and 1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-dimethylethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (2), were synthesised and their electrochemical and transport properties measured. The data were compared with the benchmark system, N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (3). Marked differences in thermal and electrochemical stability were observed between the two tertiary-amine-functionalised salts and the non-functionalised benchmark. The former are up to 170 K and 2 V less stable than the structural counterpart lacking a tertiary amine function. The ion self-diffusion coefficients (Di ) and molar conductivities (Λ) are higher for the IL with an open-chain cation (2) than that with a cyclic cation (1), but less than that with a non-functionalised, heterocyclic cation (3). The viscosities (η) show the opposite behaviour. The Walden [Λ[proportionality](1/η)(t) ] and Stokes-Einstein [Di /T)[proportionality](1/η)(t) ] exponents, t, are very similar for the three salts, 0.93-0.98 (±0.05); that is, the self-diffusion coefficients and conductivity are set by η. The Di for 1 and 2 are the same, within experimental error, at the same viscosity, whereas Λ for 1 is approximately 13% higher than that of 2. The diffusion and molar conductivity data are consistent, with a slope of 0.98±0.05 for a plot of ln(ΛT) against ln(D+ +D- ). The Nernst-Einstein deviation parameters (Δ) are such that the mean of the two like-ion VCCs is greater than that of the unlike ions. The values of Δ are 0.31, 0.36 and 0.42 for 3, 1 and 2, respectively, as is typical for ILs, but there is some subtlety in the ion interactions given 2 has the largest value. The distinct diffusion coefficients (DDC) follow the order D(d)__ < D(d)++ < D(d)+_, as is common for [Tf2N](-) salts. The ion motions are not correlated as in an electrolyte solution: instead, there is greater anti-correlation between the velocities of a given anion and the overall ensemble of anions in comparison to those for the cationic analogue, the anti-correlation for the velocities of which is in turn greater than that for a given ion and the ensemble of oppositely charged ions, an observation that is due to the requirement for the conservation of momentum in the system. The DDC also show fractional SE behaviour with t~0.95.

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“…As mentioned above, the solubility data of Ti in the three salts are not known, and so only effects from other two factors are considered here. Among the three molten salts, NaCl has the highest viscosity 19, 20 and wets graphite poorly 21 ; therefore, the transport of Ti to the surface of graphite will be hindered considerably. Although LiCl has the lowest viscosity 19,20 it does not wet graphite, 21 and consequently the delivery of Ti to the reaction sites on the graphite surface becomes difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the three molten salts, NaCl has the highest viscosity 19, 20 and wets graphite poorly 21 ; therefore, the transport of Ti to the surface of graphite will be hindered considerably. Although LiCl has the lowest viscosity 19,20 it does not wet graphite, 21 and consequently the delivery of Ti to the reaction sites on the graphite surface becomes difficult. Differently from these two molten salts, KCl wets graphite well 21 and has a low viscosity, 19,20 which facilitates the diffusion of Ti species in it and thus the rapid TiC coating formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although LiCl has the lowest viscosity 19,20 it does not wet graphite, 21 and consequently the delivery of Ti to the reaction sites on the graphite surface becomes difficult. Differently from these two molten salts, KCl wets graphite well 21 and has a low viscosity, 19,20 which facilitates the diffusion of Ti species in it and thus the rapid TiC coating formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molten Salt Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide-Coated Graphite Flakes for Refractory Castable Applications

Liu

Wang

Zhang

2010

International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology

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Titanium carbide (TiC)-coated graphite flakes were prepared using the low-temperature molten salt synthesis technique. Titanium (Ti) particles were mixed with graphite in a mass ratio (Ti/C) between 1/5 and 3/5, and reacted in alkali chloride salts at 650-9501C for 4-8 h. The TiC formation reaction was complete in KCl or the KCl-LiCl eutectic salt after 8 h at 8501C, but not in LiCl or NaCl, indicating that the former were more effective than the latter in accelerating the TiC coating formation. Although various Ti/C ratios were used, the TiC formation reaction was complete in all samples heated for 4 h at 9501C, indicating that the amounts/thickness of TiC coatings could be readily tailored for future castable applications. TiC Int.coatings prepared in KCl or the KCl-LiCl eutectic salt (after 4 h at 9501C or 8 h at 8501C) were of high quality: crack free, homogeneous, and comprising nanosized TiC particles. The coating synthesis process is believed to be dominated by the ''template-growth'' mechanism.

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Viscosity of molten alkali chlorides

Cited by 23 publications

References 2 publications

Molten Salts: Volume 5, Part 2. Additional Single and Multi-Component Salt Systems. Electrical Conductance, Density, Viscosity and Surface Tension Data

Molten Salts: Volume 5, Part 2. Additional Single and Multi-Component Salt Systems. Electrical Conductance, Density, Viscosity and Surface Tension Data

Transport, Electrochemical and Thermophysical Properties of Two N‐Donor‐Functionalised Ionic Liquids

Molten Salt Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide-Coated Graphite Flakes for Refractory Castable Applications

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