Viscosity Studies on Dilute Clay Mineral Suspensions

Wood, William H.

doi:10.1346/ccmn.1955.0040130

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Solution chemists have found it useful to define "apparent molar" properties for solutions of small molecules and "appar-FIG. 1. Graphs of reduced viscosity ( ( n -no)/+,no) against volume fraction of dry clay (+d) for montmorillonite (a) and kaolinite (b).…”

Section: Results and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscosities of dilute aqueous suspensions of montmorillonite and kaolinite clays

Kasperski¹,

Hepler²,

Hepler³

1986

Can. J. Chem.

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We have measured viscosities and densities of dilute aqueous suspensions of Na-kaolinite (2S°C), of Na-montmorillonite (25-5j°C), and of mixtures of Na-kaolinite/Na-montmorillonite (25°C). Results of the measurements at 25OC have been analyzed in terms of the Einstein equation with conclusions that are consistent with previous knowledge that colloidal particles of these clays are non-spherical and that montmorillonite is a swelling clay. Viscosities of mixed clay systems are nearly consistent with a simple additivity model; the small non-additivities are in accord with previous evidence that relatively small montmorillonite particles are adsorbed on the surface of relatively large kaolinite particles. The effect of temperature on the viscosities of suspensions of montmorillonite is consistent with the idea that aggregation of clay particles diminishes with increasing temperature.

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Section: Results and Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As background for our research we cite a few previous investigations of viscosities of dilute suspensions of clays (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) and evidence for interesting and potentially important interactions of different kinds of clays with each other in dilute suspensions (7,8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscosities of dilute aqueous suspensions of montmorillonite and kaolinite clays

Kasperski¹,

Hepler²,

Hepler³

1986

Can. J. Chem.

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“…The viscometric data were obtained using either capillary viscometers or the falling head viscometer described by Wood, Granquist and Krieger (1956). Clay concentrations in the fresh water dispersions were determined gravimetrically (constant weight at ll0~…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The operation of the falling head viscometer was described in the earlier publication (Wood, Granquist and Krieger, 1956), and These viscometric data were examined by a theory of incremental viscosity and by the Schulz-Blaschke equation, and the data from these equations were used to calculate a shape factor or axial ratio from the equations of Kuhn (1933) and Simha (1940).…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Properties of Dilute Montmorillonite Dispersions

Granquist

1957

Clays clay miner. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Miner.)

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A viscometric study of dilute montmorillonite dispersions, truing for the most part dilution-type capillary viscometers supplemented by a falling-head capillary viscometer, has involved a determination of the concentration dependence of viscosity of such dispersions in both distilled and electrolyte-containing water. The results of the study have been interpreted in terms of a theory of incremental viscosity, and of the SchulzBlaschko (1941) equation. Use of this equation yields good extrapolations to zero concentration for the determination of limiting viscosity number, and permits calculation of " interaction indices " which are considered, for reasons discussed in detail, to be a measure of pa~icie-particle interaction. These indices are related to tha cationic heat of hydration of the electrolyte used, and relationship is demonstrated between the yield stress of a 3 percent montmorillonite-electrolyte-water system and such interaction indices. The recent work of Paekter (1956Paekter ( , 1957 is discussed, and the relation of the results of this investigation to the data of van Olphen (1956, p. 204) is noted.

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“…Even though we did not measure bed shear stress the turbidity values support the present data. In pervious studies (Wood et al 1955;Lumley 1969;Wolanski 1989), turbulence damping was shown to be the result of several factors such as the visco-elasticity of clay suspensions, the interaction and aggregation of particles (Manning and Dyer 1999), the dynamic interaction between turbulent shear strain in the flow and the deformation of aggregates (Gust and Walger 1976), and the vertical stratification of SSC (Sheng and Villaret 1989;Toorman 2000aToorman , 2000b. Li and Gust (2000) who used SSC of 8 g l À1 suggested that flocculation of clay particles is not significant in causing the observed drag reduction.…”

Section: Cloutier Et Al (2002) Who Determined In Labmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of suspended sediment concentration on turbulence in an annular flume

et al. 2006

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The effect of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) on fluid turbulence in an annular flume was investigated. Flow speed was held constant at 0.57 m s À1 , and the resulting turbulent conditions were recorded using a 3-D Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) at height (z) of 8.5 cm above the bed. The suspended material was composed of a natural glacial clay made up of particles smaller than 6 lm. The SSC in the flume were increased from clear water to 4800 mg l À1 in nine discrete increments; temporal variations of SSC were monitored using three optical backscatter sensors (OBS) mounted in the flume wall at heights of 0.03, 0.10 and 0.20 m above the flume base. The results showed that turbulent intensity (q 2 =U 2 ) and energy dissipation rate (e) did not change significantly between clear water and 200 mg l À1 , but decreased by nearly 30% in the SSC range between 200 and 2400 mg l À1 . Above 2400 mg l À1 , no further decrease was observed. Analyses of the velocity variances over narrow frequency bands (0.2 Hz wide) from 0 to 12.5 Hz showed that most of the flow turbulent energy ($70-80%) was contained within the lower frequencies i.e. larger eddies, and that these eddies experienced the greatest decrease in energy due to turbidity. It is proposed that these patterns are the consequence of the increase in suspended sediment concentrations and of the vertical stratification of sediments for SSC >200 mg l À1 .

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Viscosity Studies on Dilute Clay Mineral Suspensions

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Viscosities of dilute aqueous suspensions of montmorillonite and kaolinite clays

Viscosities of dilute aqueous suspensions of montmorillonite and kaolinite clays

Flow Properties of Dilute Montmorillonite Dispersions

The effects of suspended sediment concentration on turbulence in an annular flume

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