“…Nowadays, deep learning has become a powerful technique for big data analysis [27], which can learn the feature representation and the classifier in an end-to-end way. The technique is widely used in many applications, such as flooding process prediction [28], visibility estimation [10], shape recognition [29], object detection [30], visual question answering [31], insect pest recognition [32], advertising click-through rate prediction [33], event extraction [34], sneaker recognition [35], modulation recognition [36], sentiment analysis [37], intrusion detection [38][39][40], climate prediction [41], internet of vehicles [42], healthcare [43], and face clustering [44]. Due to the advantage of deep learning, various researchers apply deep learning to predict credit scores.…”