Tunable photoluminescence (PL) emissions
in the near-infrared (NIR)
region are the most advantageous qualities that benefit NIR light-dependent
applications such as thermosensing, biosensing, solar cells, LED,
bioimaging technologies, etc. Rare-earth trivalent (+3) doping is
essential for the NIR light sources due to their unique transitions.
Especially, multi-rare-earth doping is being highlighted
for the effect of generating broad-band emissions. This work presents
a concept of tunable NIR PL emission via codoping of (Er/Nd) into
TiO2 at varied excitation wavelengths and stoichiometry
ratios. We discovered the synergetic energy transfer (ET) mechanism
among the Er3+ and Nd3+ energy states, which
led to tuning the PL emissions over the NIR region to the mid-IR region.
A broad-band PL emission from 850 to 1700 nm at an indirect excitation
wavelength of 360 nm confirms the energy transfer (ET) occurring from
TiO2 (host) to the lanthanide of Er3+ and Nd3+ (guests). In addition, the direct excitation (visible) excitation-dependent
PL emission and their associated electron decay lifetime suggest the
possibility of ET between Er3+ and Nd3+, which
is evidenced by high energy transfer efficiency (ETE), whereas the
ETE from Er3+ to Nd3+ is calculated to be 46%
measured at the high intense PL emission of (1532 nm, Er:
4
F
13
/
2
.25em
to
.25em
I
15
/
2
) under the excitation of 528 nm. These
results are consistent with the enhanced QY values up to 90% for the
(Er/Nd) codoped TiO2 compared to the single Er-doped TiO2. Similarly, ETE from Nd to Er is almost 48% attained at the
emission of (1068 nm, Nd:
4
F
3
/
2
.25em
to
.25em
4
I
11
/
2
) under 588 nm excitation
and their changes
in the QY values indicate the ET occurrence from Nd3+ to
Er3+. Thus, it is hypothesized that the PL investigations
support the synergetic ET between Nd3+ and Er3+ is responsible for the tunable PL emissions.