Vision and academic performance in primary school children

Wood, Joanne M.; Black, Alex A.; Hopkins, Shelley; White, Sonia

doi:10.1111/opo.12582

Cited by 44 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…), which potentially explains the findings of studies that have shown that the DEM ratio is poorly associated with academic outcomes (Wood et al. ). The amount of experience in reading is also likely to be a factor in a child's ability to perform well on the DEM test (reading aloud and across a page) as well as on the PAT‐R.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…While these studies have evaluated RAN and reading ability, few studies have investigated the association between RAN and other academic domains, such as spelling (Scarborough ; Wood et al. ) and mathematics (Wood et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…) and mathematics (Wood et al. ). This may be because RAN is believed to have strong associations with phonological awareness, literacy acquisition and reading difficulties (Vander Stappen & Van Reybroeck ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A computer‐based adaptation of the DEM test was used to assess rapid automatized naming (RAN), that is automaticity in number naming, as well as reading‐related saccadic eye movements (Wood et al. ). This computer‐based version allowed eye movements to be measured while children completed the test (using a Tobii TX300 system); the results of this analysis will be presented separately.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Wood et al. ). We evaluated the association between VMI and DEM performance (which assess visual spatial, visual analysis, visual motor, RAN and reading‐related saccadic eye movements) and performance on standardized tests of both reading and mathematics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Visual information processing skills are associated with academic performance in Grade 2 school children

Hopkins

Black

White

et al. 2019

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Purpose: This study evaluated the association between performance on visual information processing tests and academic performance in school children. Methods: Visual-motorintegration(VMI),theDevelopmentalEyeMovement(DEM)test,visualacuityandstereoacuitywere assessedin222Grade2children(meanage:7.90 AE 0.33 years).Academicperformancewasassessedusingstandardizedtestsof reading and mathematics (PAT-R and PAT-M). Linear regression analyses examined associations between visual information processing (VMI and DEM) and academic measures, adjusting for school socio-economic background and age. Receiver operatingcharacteristic(ROC)analysiswasusedtoassesstheabilityoftheteststoidentifychildrenwithbelowaverageacademic performance. Results: Visual-motor integration (VMI) and DEM (horizontal time) were most strongly associated with PAT-R and PAT-M. Linear regression models explained 28.6% of variance in PAT-R (VMI: standardized regression coefficient = 0.31, p < 0.01; DEM horizontal time: À0.28, p < 0.01) and 24.1% of variance in PAT-M (VMI: standardized regression coefficient = 0.29, p < 0.01; DEM horizontal time: À0.16, p = 0.02). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that VMI was most strongly associated with below average PAT-R (area under curve [AUC] of 0.74 [95% CI: 0.67-0.81]) and PAT-M (AUC of 0.73 [95% CI: 0.66-0.81]). Conclusion: Visual-motor integration (VMI) was most strongly associated with reading and mathematics scores in school children. A child's academic performance can be an important factor in their optometric management. The ability of clinical tests to identify children at risk of underachieving academically provides additional support to clinicians in managing their patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Visual information processing skills are associated with academic performance in Grade 2 school children

Hopkins

Black

White

et al. 2019

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Vision Testing for Adolescents in the US

Oke,

Slopen,

Hunter

et al. 2023

JAMA Ophthalmol

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ImportanceUntreated refractive error contributes to the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in visual function of adolescent children in the US.ObjectiveTo describe patterns in vision testing as a function of age among US adolescents and identify sociodemographic factors associated with vision testing.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from the National Survey of Children’s Health (2018-2019), a nationally representative survey of the noninstitutionalized US pediatric population. A total of 24 752 adolescent children (aged 12 to &lt;18 years) were included. Data were analyzed from March 22 to August 11, 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the caregiver report of vision testing within the last 12 months. Linear regression was used to describe the patterns in reported vision testing as a function of participant age. Logistic regression was used to describe the association of sociodemographic factors with the report of vision testing in each setting.ResultsAmong 24 752 adolescents, the median (IQR) age was 14 (13-16) years; 12 918 (weighted, 51%) were male. Vision testing in any setting within the previous year was reported by caregivers of 18 621 adolescents (weighted, 74%). Vision testing was reported to have occurred at an eye clinic in 13 323 participants (weighted, 51%), at a primary care clinic in 5230 participants (weighted, 22%), at a school in 2594 participants (weighted, 11%), and at a health center in 635 participants (weighted, 4%). The percentage of adolescents reported to have vision tested decreased with age (−1.3% per year; 95% CI, −2.5% to 0% per year) due to a decrease in testing in primary care and school settings. After adjusting for age and sex, there were lower odds of vision testing reported for adolescents who were uninsured vs insured (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.76-0.87), had caregivers with less than vs greater than high school education (AOR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.95), and were from a family born outside vs inside the US (AOR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, vision testing in adolescents decreased as a function of age due to fewer reported tests performed in primary care and school-based settings. Relative to children in socioeconomically advantaged families, those from disadvantaged families were less likely to report receiving vision testing in clinical settings. Efforts to expand the role of school-based vision testing for older adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds may enable opportunities to address disparities in untreated refractive error.

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Assessing and Intervening with Children with Reading Disorders

Sotelo‐Dynega

2022

Best Practices in School Neuropsychology

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Vision and academic performance in primary school children

Cited by 44 publications

References 40 publications

Visual information processing skills are associated with academic performance in Grade 2 school children

Visual information processing skills are associated with academic performance in Grade 2 school children

Vision Testing for Adolescents in the US

Assessing and Intervening with Children with Reading Disorders

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