Vision and Refractive Status among Grade 1 Children of the Province of New Brunswick

Me, Woodruff

doi:10.1097/00006324-198607000-00008

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…However, prevalence of anisometropia calculated in terms of difference in astigmatism between eyes is over four times greater than that reported in any previous study. This is likely related to the fact that the prevalence of astigmatism (≥ 1.00 D) in the present population (44%) is considerably higher than that reported for school-aged Caucasian (26%)35 and Asian (34%)35 populations, the only ethnic groups for which prevalence of astigmatic anisometropia has been previously reported 6,10,15,19. In agreement with many previous studies, no relation was found between gender and prevalence of anisometropia,9,10,16,19 nor between age and prevalence of anisometropia,10,17,19 across the age range from 4 to 13 years.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…It is possible that prevalence of anisometropia and risk for anisometropic amblyopia are underestimated in these studies, due to the absence of information on differences in astigmatism between eyes. We are aware of only four studies that report prevalence of astigmatic differences between eyes in children 6,10,15,19. These studies reported prevalence of ≥ 1 D astigmatic anisometropia ranging from 1.0% in a sample of young Australian children19 to 3.3% in a sample of 6- to 11-year-old Japanese children 10…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anisometropia Prevalence in a Highly Astigmatic School-Aged Population

Dobson

Harvey

Miller

et al. 2008

Optometry and Vision Science

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Purpose-To describe prevalence of anisometropia, defined in terms of both sphere and cylinder, examined cross-sectionally, in school-aged members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism.Methods-Cycloplegic autorefraction measurements, confirmed by retinoscopy and, when possible, by subjective refraction were obtained from 1,041 Tohono O'odham children, 4 to 13 years of age.Results-Astigmatism ≥ 1.00 diopter (D) was present in one or both eyes of 462 children (44.4%). Anisometropia ≥ 1.00 diopter (D) spherical equivalent (SE) was found in 70 children (6.7%), and anisometropia ≥ 1.00 D cylinder was found in 156 children (15.0%). Prevalence of anisometropia did not vary significantly with age or gender. Overall prevalence of significant anisometropia was 18.1% for a difference between eyes ≥ 1.00 D SE or cylinder. Vector analysis of between-eye differences showed a prevalence of significant anisometropia of 25.3% for one type of vector notation (difference between eyes ≥ 1.00 D for M and/or ≥ 0.50 D for J0 or J45), and 16.2% for a second type of vector notation (between-eye vector dioptric difference ≥ 1.41).Conclusions-Prevalence of SE anisometropia is similar to that reported for other school-aged populations. However, prevalence of astigmatic anisometropia is higher than that reported for other school-aged populations. Keywordsanisometropia; astigmatism; prevalence; children; Native American Anisometropia is a difference in refractive error in the two eyes of an individual. It is often associated with amblyopia, both in the presence of and in the absence of strabismus. 1,2 The prevalence (i.e., the proportion of individuals who have a condition at a point in time) of anisometropia reported in school-based and population-based studies of school-aged children is typically less than 5%, but varies depending on the manner in which anisometropia is defined, as shown in Table 1. 3-20 For the most frequently-used definition of anisometropia (≥ 1 diopter (D) difference in spherical equivalent (SE) between eyes), prevalence values range from 1.6% in a sample of young (5-to 8-year-old) Australian children 19 to 9.3% in a large sample of Taiwanese children 7 to 18 years of age. 16 Several population-based studies of school-aged children have examined the relation between age and prevalence of anisometropia. Three studies reported an increase in prevalence of anisometropia with age, 9,14,16 while others have shown a non-linear relation between age and anisometropia 13,21 or no relation between age and prevalence of anisometropia. 10,17, 19 Gender differences in prevalence of anisometropia in school-aged children have generally not been found. 9,10,13,16,19 However, it has been reported that prevalence of anisometropia 14 and astigmatic anisometropia 15 may be higher in girls than in boys.The majority of studies reporting prevalence of anisometropia have focused on differences in SE between eyes. It is possible that prevalence of anisometropia and risk for anisometropic amblyopia are underest...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisometropia Prevalence in a Highly Astigmatic School-Aged Population

Dobson

Harvey

Miller

et al. 2008

Optometry and Vision Science

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“…The prevalence of strabismus once a person reaches school age is quite consistent between studies at approximately 5% [5][6][7][8][9][10]12,13 ; and we have found a similar result (Fig. 1A).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…However, the previously reported prevalence of BV disorders is quite high even in younger adult populations ranging from 15% to 26.7%, if 5% is added for strabismus. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]12,13 Thus, it appears that in clinic populations, BV disorders have a high prevalence in adults of all ages. The present study found an additional 3% to 5% prevalence of incomitancy (see Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binocular Vision and Eye Movement Disorders in Older Adults

Leat

Chan

Maharaj

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Leat SJ, Chan LL-L, Maharaj P-D, et al. Binocular vision and eye movement disorders in older adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:3798-3805. DOI:10.1167/ iovs.12-11582 PURPOSE. To determine the prevalence of binocular vision (BV) and eye movement disorders in a clinic population of older adults. METHODS.Retrospective clinic data were abstracted from files of 500 older patients seen at the University of Waterloo Optometry Clinic over a 1-year period. Stratified sampling gave equal numbers of patients in the 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and 80þ age groups. Data included age, general and ocular history and symptoms, use of antidepressants, a habit of smoking, refraction, visual acuity, BV and eye movement status for the most recent full oculo-visual assessment, and an assessment 10 years prior. The prevalence of any BV or eye movement abnormal test (AT) result, defined as a test result outside the normal range, was determined. This included strabismus (any) or phoria; incomitancy; poor pursuits; and remote near point of convergence (NPC). The prevalence of significant BV disorders (diagnostic entities, i.e., a clinical condition that may need treatment and may have functional implications) was also determined.RESULTS. The prevalence of any BV or eye movement AT was 41%, 44%, and 51% in the 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and 80þ age groups, respectively. These figures were lower for 10 years earlier: 31%, 36%, and 40% for ages 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70þ, respectively. The prevalence of any BV or eye movement disorder was 27%, 30%, and 38% for the three age groups and 17%, 19%, and 24% for 10 years prior. Age and use of antidepressants most commonly predicted BV or eye movement AT or disorder.CONCLUSIONS. BV disorders are common among older adults.Keywords: aging, heterophoria, binocular vision disorders, eye movement disorders T here has been little attention paid to age-related changes in binocularity or to the prevalence of binocular vision (BV) disorders in older adults. 1 The definition of what is included as a BV disorder differs between studies, making them hard to compare. Despite this, it appears that the overall prevalence of BV disorders in prepresbyopic clinic populations is quite high, ranging from 10% 2 when only near esophoria or convergence insufficiency were included, to 21.8% 3 when any one of the following conditions were included: convergence insufficiency, basic eso-or exophoria, divergence excess, divergence insufficiency, convergence excess, or reduced fusional vergence ranges. Porcar and Martinez-Palomera 4 found a total of 15.3% who exhibited either convergence insufficiency, convergence excess, basic eso-or exophoria, or fusional vergence dysfunction in a population of university students. These studies excluded people with strabismus and the figures quoted here exclude accommodative disorders. The prevalence of strabismus has been found to be between 2.7% and 5.5% in schoolchildren [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and is similar in the adult population. 12-14Therefore, this percentage should be ad...

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“…A few studies conducted in three cities across Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Ontario found the prevalence of pediatric anisometropia to range between 1.4 and 3.6%, which is similar to what has been reported among other developed nations (0.9-3.1%) [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%