Vision and retina evolution: How to develop a retina

Fritzsch, Bernd; Martin, Paul R.

doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.03.008

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 142 publications

(273 reference statements)

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“…The relative lengths of the notochord and neural tube differ; in lancelets the notochord extends beyond the rostral and caudal ends of the neural tube, in tunicates the neural tube extends rostrally beyond the notochord ( Miyamoto and Crowther, 1985 ; Søviknes et al, 2007 ; Søviknes and Glover, 2008 ; Dong et al, 2009 ), and in all vertebrates the notochord ends near the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, so that the entire prosencephalon extends rostrally beyond the notochord ( Welsch et al, 1998 ; Satoh et al, 2014 ; Witten and Hall, 2022 ; Fritzsch et al, 2023 ). In addition, distinct developmental lineages generate neural crest, placodes, eyes, and taste buds in vertebrates, but not in lancelets or tunicates ( Moody and LaMantia, 2015 ; Holland, 2020 ; Elliott et al, 2022 ; Fritzsch and Martin, 2022 ; Adameyko, 2023 ; Zine and Fritzsch, 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lancelets, and tunicates that exhibit vision, have photoreceptors ( Vopalensky et al, 2012 ) associated with supporting cells in primitive eye structures, but not a multilayered retina as in vertebrates. Indeed, developing tunicate eyes lack an Atoh pro-ortholog expression like the Atoh7 expression that is critical for creating vertebrate retinal ganglion neurons ( Ryan and Meinertzhagen, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2021 ; Fritzsch and Martin, 2022 ). Lancelets have putative mechanosensory cells but evidently none associated with acoustic mechanosensation ( Lacalli, 2004 ; Wicht and Lacalli, 2005 ), and at least some tunicates develop cells with a morphology similar to vertebrate hair cells and with a distinct neuronal innervation ( Rigon et al, 2013 ; Manni et al, 2018 ) (reviewed in Anselmi et al, 2024 , in press).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gene networks and the evolution of olfactory organs, eyes, hair cells and motoneurons: a view encompassing lancelets, tunicates and vertebrates

Fritzsch,

Glover

2024

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Key developmental pathways and gene networks underlie the formation of sensory cell types and structures involved in chemosensation, vision and mechanosensation, and of the efferents these sensory inputs can activate. We describe similarities and differences in these pathways and gene networks in selected species of the three main chordate groups, lancelets, tunicates, and vertebrates, leading to divergent development of olfactory receptors, eyes, hair cells and motoneurons. The lack of appropriately posited expression of certain transcription factors in lancelets and tunicates prevents them from developing vertebrate-like olfactory receptors and eyes, although they generate alternative structures for chemosensation and vision. Lancelets and tunicates lack mechanosensory cells associated with the sensation of acoustic stimuli, but have gravisensitive organs and ciliated epidermal sensory cells that may (and in some cases clearly do) provide mechanosensation and thus the capacity to respond to movement relative to surrounding water. Although functionally analogous to the vertebrate vestibular apparatus and lateral line, homology is questionable due to differences in the expression of the key transcription factors Neurog and Atoh1/7, on which development of vertebrate hair cells depends. The vertebrate hair cell-bearing inner ear and lateral line thus likely represent major evolutionary advances specific to vertebrates. Motoneurons develop in vertebrates under the control of the ventral signaling molecule hedgehog/sonic hedgehog (Hh,Shh), against an opposing inhibitory effect mediated by dorsal signaling molecules. Many elements of Shh-signaling and downstream genes involved in specifying and differentiating motoneurons are also exhibited by lancelets and tunicates, but the repertoire of MNs in vertebrates is broader, indicating greater diversity in motoneuron differentiation programs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene networks and the evolution of olfactory organs, eyes, hair cells and motoneurons: a view encompassing lancelets, tunicates and vertebrates

Fritzsch,

Glover

2024

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…The cochlear aqueduct is a small bony channel within the ear capsule that bridges the tympanic chamber and the subarachnoid space. As research has progressed, it has been found to contribute to regulating the pressure difference between external lymphatic and cerebrospinal fluid [3,4] . Consequently, the possibility of delivering genes to the inner ear via the cerebrospinal fluid is being considered [5] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the role of inflammation in sensorineural hearing loss: Current goals and future prospects

Li,

Chen,

Lin

et al. 2023

Brain-X

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Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a common otologic condition caused by damage to hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons that affects transmission pathways. Most of these cells cannot be regenerated, and there has been no breakthrough in regeneration techniques for inner ear cells. SNHL has a high incidence rate and can cause a variety of clinical symptoms, greatly impacting people's daily lives. With limited clinical treatments, the search for critical targets is urgent. Studies have shown that inflammation is prevalent in the pathogenesis of SNHL and plays a significant role in it. Inflammation is a normal body defense response, and a systemic anti‐inflammatory approach is undesirable. It is crucial for us to identify potential targets of inflammation in SNHL and take measures specifically targeting those targets with minimal systemic impact. This paper firstly describes the role of inflammation in various types of SNHL and then provides an overview of the interactions between inflammation and cochlear immunity, cochlear microcirculation, vascular spasm, and glutamate metabolism and finally comprehensively examines the feasibility of targets in these interactions. This paper is expected to facilitate the development of targeted anti‐inflammation for SNHL and provide strategies and approaches for treating clinical SNHL.

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“…Notably, ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)‐positive cells reside in the endolymphatic sac, connected to the cochlea by the vestibular aqueduct filled with the endolymph regulated by Sox9 and Sox10 (Szeto et al, 2022), which is endowed with a large number of white blood cells, suggesting that this part of the inner ear participates in immunologic defense (Kämpfe Nordström et al, 2018). On the other hand, the cochlear aqueduct is a patent connection between the perilymph of the cochlea and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain (Fritzsch et al, 2023; Gopen et al, 1997; Molinari et al, 2021). This duct can serve as a route for bacteria to invade the cochlea from the CSF during bacterial meningitis, followed by macrophage phagocytosis in the cochlea (Gopen et al, 1997; Møller et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signaling pathways regulating the immune function of cochlear supporting cells and their involvement in cochlear pathophysiology

Hayashi

2023

Glia

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The inner ear, including the cochlea, used to be regarded as an immune‐privileged site because of its immunologically isolated environment caused by the blood‐labyrinthine barrier. Cochlear resident macrophages, which originate from the yolk sac or fetal liver during the embryonic stage and are maintained after birth, are distributed throughout various regions of the cochlear duct. Intriguingly, these cells are absent in the organ of Corti, where hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs) are located, except for a limited number of ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)‐positive cells. Instead, SCs exert glial functions varying from a quiescent to an emergency state. Notably, SCs acquire the nature of macrophages and begin to secrete inflammatory cytokines during viral infection in the organ of Corti, which is ostensibly unprotected owing to the lack of general resident macrophages. This review provides an overview of both positive and negative functions of SCs enabled to acquire macrophage phenotypes upon viral infection focusing on the signaling pathways that regulate these functions. The former function protects HCs from viral infection by inducting type I interferons, and the latter function induces HC death by necroptosis, leading to sensorineural hearing loss. Thus, SCs play contradictory roles as immune cells with acquired macrophage phenotypes; thereby, they are favorable and unfavorable to HCs, which play a pivotal role in hearing function.

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Vision and retina evolution: How to develop a retina

Cited by 10 publications

References 142 publications

Gene networks and the evolution of olfactory organs, eyes, hair cells and motoneurons: a view encompassing lancelets, tunicates and vertebrates

Gene networks and the evolution of olfactory organs, eyes, hair cells and motoneurons: a view encompassing lancelets, tunicates and vertebrates

Understanding the role of inflammation in sensorineural hearing loss: Current goals and future prospects

Signaling pathways regulating the immune function of cochlear supporting cells and their involvement in cochlear pathophysiology

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