Visioning projects have been widely used in the planning context and they were internationally accepted by the planning profession as legitimate exercises by the mid-1990s (Shipley andNewkirk, 1998). For example, research I conducted in 1996 showed that almost half of the municipal planning departments in the heavily populated part of Ontario, Canada's largest province, had conducted visioning exercises of some kind in the two to three preceding years (Shipley, 1997). In the United Kingdom visioning became a required part of regional planning around the same time (Roberts, 1996) and in the United States and Australia the practice was also widespread (Helling, 1998a; Newman, 1993;Shipley, 2000).There are a number of what might be called systems of visioning. These first began to appear in the early 1990s and include Senge's Fifth Discipline (1990;, cognitive mapping (Eden, 1990), and envisioning (Ziegler, 1991). More were promulgated as the decade progressed and included what has become known as the Oregon model (Oregon, 1993), Visual Preference Analysis (Nelessen, 1994), the Institute for Cultural Affairs (ICA) approach (Spencer, 1996), community strategic visioning (Walzer, 1996), alignment (Covey, 1996), and community visioning (Okubo, 1997. These provide a fairly representative cross-section of approaches to visioning and because they are thought-out programs of action there is a reasonable expectation that they might provide some understanding of the underlying philosophy of visioning. However, for a couple of reasons, they do not.First, only some of them were specifically designed for use in the urban planning context (Oregon, Nelessen, Walzer, and Okubo). The rest are offered for use in a range of strategic planning applications from corporate to personal, as well as in urban planning. In spite of that an explanation of underlying theory could have been articulated. Instead, what can be noted in every case, are step-by-step instructions of what to do, accompanied by some general assumptions of the expected outcomes.