Visual Accounting

Moeller, Andreas; Prox, Martina

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1899-9_10

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(3 citation statements)

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“…Sobekhotep IV can be firmly placed in the mid-13 th Dynasty, as he is mentioned in the Turin Canon 7/27 108 111 . Khyan is usually dated to around 1600 B.C.…”

Section: The Khyan Lid At Knossos and Aegean Chronologymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The tools used to evaluate the artefacts from these contexts in order to suggest a dating are pottery and seal typologies that have already been established for the late Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to these typologies, Tell Edfu has resorted to a further technique for the context in question (US 2654): the analysis of several 14 C samples 186 .…”

Section: General Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Khyan context at Tell Edfu contains a corpus of cretulae that includes sealings bearing the impressions of a king connected to the mid-13 th Dynasty, Sobekhotep IV 187 ; Late Middle Kingdom private-name seal impressions 188 ; impressions of the Hyksos ruler Khyan 189 ; and finally impressions of the so-called Palestinian scarabs series 190 . This context seems also to show ceramic material of the Late Middle Kingdom (second half of the 13 th Dynasty) as well as shapes that can be assigned to the early Second Intermediate Period 191 .…”

Section: Khyan Contexts and The Difficult Comparison Between Lower And Upper Egyptian Pottery Seriationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt: Problems and Priorities of Current Research. Proceedings of the Workshop of the Austrian Archaeological Institute and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Vienna, July 4–5, 2014

Forstner-Müller¹,

Moeller²

2018

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Another paper on scarab typology was presented by Kim Ryholt who offers a comprehensive analysis of the entire seal and sealing corpus that can be assigned to the Second Intermediate Period, in particular the 14 th and 15 th Dynasty, which has expanded considerably since he first conducted research on this topic in his monograph from 1997. Using statistical methods for his analysis led to several important observations about the use and sealing practices of this period. He notes the intensive use of scarabs as seals for administrative practices during the 14 th Dynasty, which he defines as the group of earlier foreign rulers (the best known is king Nehesy) who were based in the eastern Delta. This phase of an intensive use of seals is followed by ›a dramatic decrease‹ from the early 15 th Dynasty onwards in northern Egypt that is matched by the same phenomenon in southern Egypt, namely from the 13 th Dynasty to the 16 th -17 th Dynasties based in Thebes. He carefully proposes that this observation might also have chronological value indicating that both dynasties of foreign rulers, the 14 th and the 15 th , started much earlier than previously Manetho (Josephus) Reconstruction with archaeological sources Semitic Names Salitis ? Šarā-Dagan (Šȝrk[n]) Bnon ? *Bin-ʿAnu Apachnan Khyan (ʿApaq-)Hajran Iannas Yanassi Jinaśśi'-Ad Archles/Assis Seker-Her Sikru-Haddu Apophis Apophis Apapi Khamudi Halmu'diIf Schneider is right, then the idea that Khyan directly preceded Apophis, as proposed by Ryholt, is a mistaken one. Of more import, however, is Moeller -Marouard -Ayers' thesis that Sobekhotep IV and Khyan are contemporary, or, at least, not very far apart from one another. This is somewhat difficult to prove since, if Khyan did not directly precede Apophis then both kings, Khyan and Sobekhotep IV cannot be tied to any absolute dates let alone with one another.The monumental and epigraphic evidence clearly shows that Sobekhotep IV is linked with his brothers Neferhotep I and Sihathor, but that their father was not a king, and nor were any of their sons 20 . They are also evidently the three kings mentioned in the Turin Royal Canon under column 7 nos. 25 -27, 25 being Neferhotep I, 26, Sihathor and 27, Sobekhotep IV. Unfortunately owing to various lacunae in the text, and the lack of reign lengths given for many of the kings, it is not possible to say exactly where these kings fit into the 13 th Dynasty, or when they actually ruled. In 1992, Detlef Franke made Sobekhotep IV the twenty-fourth king ruling between ca. 1720 and 1710 B.C. 21 . In 1997 Ryholt made Sobekhotep IV, the twenty-ninth king of the 13 th Dynasty, suggesting that he ruled around 1732 -1720 B.C. 22 , whilst in 2006, Schneider, considered him to be the twenty-fourth king of the dynasty and dated him to between 1709 and 1701 B.C. 23 . Sobekhotep IV was followed by the four kings Sobekhotep V, Ibiau, Mernefere Ay and Merhetepibre, the first three of whom reigned, according to the Turin Royal Canon for 39 years. At this point, however, a series of genealogies...

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“…Sobekhotep IV can be firmly placed in the mid-13 th Dynasty, as he is mentioned in the Turin Canon 7/27 108 111 . Khyan is usually dated to around 1600 B.C.…”

Section: The Khyan Lid At Knossos and Aegean Chronologymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: General Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Khyan Contexts and The Difficult Comparison Between Lower And Upper Egyptian Pottery Seriationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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