Visual acuity and X-linked color blindness

Jägle, Herbert; Luca, Emanuela de; Sérey, Ludwig; Bach, Michael; Sharpe, Lindsay T.

doi:10.1007/s00417-005-0086-4

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…We were underpowered to assess the effects of color vision deficiency as our study only contained 7 individuals; the mean performance of these participants was in line with that of the remainder of the population for both VA and CS tasks. This finding is concordant with recent work demonstrating no expected effect of color vision deficiency [ 56 ], but stands in opposition to older research demonstrating lower light perception thresholds in these individuals [ 57 ]. We do find worse scotopic VA and CS performance in those of Asian ancestry when performing univariate regression analyses, but these associations were no longer statistically significant after accounting for laser eye surgery, task duration, intelligence, and photopic performance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Individual Differences in Scotopic Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity: Genetic and Non-Genetic Influences

et al. 2016

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Despite the large amount of variation found in the night (scotopic) vision capabilities of healthy volunteers, little effort has been made to characterize this variation and factors, genetic and non-genetic, that influence it. In the largest population of healthy observers measured for scotopic visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) to date, we quantified the effect of a range of variables on visual performance. We found that young volunteers with excellent photopic vision exhibit great variation in their scotopic VA and CS, and this variation is reliable from one testing session to the next. We additionally identified that factors such as Circadian preference, iris color, astigmatism, depression, sex and education have no significant impact on scotopic visual function. We confirmed previous work showing that the amount of time spent on the vision test influences performance and that laser eye surgery results in worse scotopic vision. We also showed a significant effect of intelligence and photopic visual performance on scotopic VA and CS, but all of these variables collectively explain <30% of the variation in scotopic vision. The wide variation seen in young healthy volunteers with excellent photopic vision, the high test-retest agreement, and the vast majority of the variation in scotopic vision remaining unexplained by obvious non-genetic factors suggests a strong genetic component. Our preliminary genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 106 participants ruled out any common genetic variants of very large effect and paves the way for future, larger genetic studies of scotopic vision.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Individual Differences in Scotopic Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity: Genetic and Non-Genetic Influences

et al. 2016

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“…This is in agreement with the recent empirical finding that high-acuity luminance vision is not worse in trichromatic female marmosets than in their dichromatic male counterparts, despite the fact that the parvocellular channel of the trichromats also carries the red-green signal (Martin et al, 2011 ). However, a number of studies on human dichromats have reported advantages over trichromats in certain laboratory conditions (Dain and King-Smith, 1981 ; Schwartz, 1994 ; Jägle et al, 2006 ; Sharpe et al, 2006 ; Melin et al, 2007 , 2010 ; Caine et al, 2010 ; Janáky et al, 2014 ), and further research will be required before this question is answered definitively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Psychophysical experiments comparing trichromats with dichromats that lack either M or L cones would support a trade-off of spatial and colour vision if the trichromats demonstrated inferior luminance vision due to the decorrelation of their M and L cone spectral sensitivities. Dichromats have been shown to have a foraging advantage under certain conditions, such as laboratory experiments (Jägle et al, 2006 ; Janáky et al, 2014 ), low-light (Caine et al, 2010 ), and discovering colour-camouflaged insects (Melin et al, 2007 , 2010 ). However, single-cell recordings from the lateral geniculate nucleus of dichromatic and trichromatic marmosets suggest that the evolution of red-green colour vision has not come at a cost for spatial vision (Martin et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Spatial Visual Scene Parameters in Predicting Optimal Cone Sensitivities in Routinely Trichromatic Frugivorous Old-World Primates

Matthews

Osorio

Cavallaro

et al. 2018

Front. Comput. Neurosci.

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Computational models that predict the spectral sensitivities of primate cone photoreceptors have focussed only on the spectral, not spatial, dimensions. On the ecologically valid task of foraging for fruit, such models predict the M-cone (“green”) peak spectral sensitivity 10–20 nm further from the L-cone (“red”) sensitivity peak than it is in nature and assume their separation is limited by other visual constraints, such as the requirement of high-acuity spatial vision for closer M and L peak sensitivities. We explore the possibility that a spatio-chromatic analysis can better predict cone spectral tuning without appealing to other visual constraints. We build a computational model of the primate retina and simulate chromatic gratings of varying spatial frequencies using measured spectra. We then implement the case study of foveal processing in routinely trichromatic primates for the task of discriminating fruit and leaf spectra. We perform an exhaustive search for the configurations of M and L cone spectral sensitivities that optimally distinguish the colour patterns within these spectral images. Under such conditions, the model suggests that: (1) a long-wavelength limit is required to constrain the L cone spectral sensitivity to its natural position; (2) the optimal M cone peak spectral sensitivity occurs at ~525 nm, close to the observed position in nature (~535 nm); (3) spatial frequency has a small effect upon the spectral tuning of the cones; (4) a selective pressure toward less correlated M and L spectral sensitivities is provided by the need to reduce noise caused by the luminance variation that occurs in natural scenes.

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“…The subjective evaluation of these cues may increase the wide range of stereoacuity outcomes we observed in the CCVD patients in our study. Cone differentiation is controlled by competing cone pigment genes, and the mutations of these genes affect the retinal cone mosaic and the postreceptoral wiring [22][23][24][25]. Changes in either the retinal cone mosaic or the postreceptoral wiring may affect the perception of binocular disparity causing variations in the stereoacuity outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth perception in patients with congenital color vision deficiency

Özateş

Şekeroğlu

İlhan³

et al. 2018

Eye

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Purpose To assess the effect of type and severity of congenital color vision deficiency (CCVD) on depth perception. Methods Thirty-one male patients with a known diagnosis of CCVD were included in the study group and 31 age-matched healthy subjects in the control group. After standard ophthalmological examination including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) testing with Snellen chart, slit-lamp examination, non-contact tonometry, and fundus examination, all patients underwent color perception testing with Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) 4th edition pseudoisochromatic test plates and stereoacuity testing with Titmus stereo test plates. Results Of the 31 patients with CCVD, 7 were protanope and 24 were deuteranope. Mean stereoacuity was 46.77 ± 11.3, 105.7 ± 69.0, and 134.1 ± 115.2 in the control, protanope, and deuteranope groups, respectively. Stereoacuity was significantly better in the control group than in the protanope and deuteranope groups (p = 0.039, p < 0.001 respectively). No significant difference was observed between protanopes and deuteranopes regarding stereoacuity (p = 0.73). Mean BCVA was −0.01 ± 0.03, −0.02 ± 0.07, and −0.10 ± 0.11 in the control, protanope, and deuteranope groups, respectively. Mean BCVA in deuteranopes was significantly better than the control group (p = 0.004), while mean BCVA in deuteranopes and protanopes did not differ significantly (p = 0.056). No significant difference was observed between the control group and protanopes regarding visual acuity (p = 0.921). Conclusions Our study showed that color vision had an important effect on depth perception and CCVD may cause decreased stereoacuity.

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Visual acuity and X-linked color blindness

Cited by 24 publications

References 25 publications

Individual Differences in Scotopic Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity: Genetic and Non-Genetic Influences

Individual Differences in Scotopic Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity: Genetic and Non-Genetic Influences

The Importance of Spatial Visual Scene Parameters in Predicting Optimal Cone Sensitivities in Routinely Trichromatic Frugivorous Old-World Primates

Depth perception in patients with congenital color vision deficiency

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