Visual Acuity of the Preschool Child

Fern, Karen D.; Manny, Ruth E.

doi:10.1097/00006324-198605000-00003

Cited by 74 publications

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“…4 However, a limitation of these studies was the use of varying vision screening protocols with age, and use of vision tests that do not always conform to Snellen or logMAR principles. 5 There are limited population-based studies determining the appropriateness of standardised VA tests in the preschool age group [6][7][8] and none have compared the VA results gained with a goldstandard linear chart.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual acuity testability and comparability in Australian preschool children: The Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study

Gole

Mitchell

et al. 2012

Eye

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Purpose To establish standardised protocols for vision screening, testability and comparability of three different vision tests were examined in a population-based, cross-sectional sample of preschool children (Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study). Methods Measurement of presenting monocular distance visual acuity (VA) using the Amblyopia Treatment Study (ATS) HOTV protocol, was attempted by all (1774) children agedZ24 months. In addition, in children agedZ60 months (576), VA was also tested using the logMAR retro-illuminated HOTV or Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) linear charts (CSV 1000). Children able to have both eyes tested monocularly were considered. Results Testability significantly increased with age for all VA tests. The ATS HOTV with an overall testability of 80% (females: 82%, males: 78%) was the most testable of the VA tests (Po0.0001). In children aged o3 years testability was low (r47%) rising toZ80% in children agedZ3. In childrenZ60 months, testability was higher for the HOTV (94%) than the ETDRS (59%) chart. In those that did two VA tests, mean difference of the ATS HOTV compared with the HOTV(CSV) was À 0.1, and compared with ETDRS was À 0.12 (Po0.0001). Conclusions Children aged o3 years had poor VA testability, whereas those 3 years and above were highly testable using the ATS HOTV. The HOTV (CSV) retroilluminated test was appropriate for children aged 45 years, and may be possible in younger children with early educational exposure. When comparing VA measures using these tests, the higher VA attained using the ATS HOTV, needs to be taken into account.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual acuity testability and comparability in Australian preschool children: The Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study

Gole

Mitchell

et al. 2012

Eye

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“…1,2 Although the HOTV test is commonly used in the United States, 3 no standard for visual acuity testing in children has been accepted worldwide. The C and E charts are widely used in Asian countries, for example, China, Japan, and Taiwan, where English is not the native language and directional optotypes have high testability.…”

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Development of visual acuity in preschool children as measured with Landolt C and Tumbling E charts

Lai

Wang

Hsu

2011

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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“…Although numerous matching tests using pictures (Figure 3A), shapes ( Figure 3B) or letters ( Figure 3B) have been developed for preschool children, many of these do not have published norms and many of the studies that do give normal data fail to compare this with an adult group. 17,22 Stiers et al 23 measured both grating and Landolt-C acuity and found that neither had reached adult levels by the end of the fifth year. Atkinson and Braddick 12 , using Snellen acuity, found that crowded optotype acuity was 58% of that of adults at 5 years of age.…”

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Development of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Children

Leat

Yadav

Irving

2009

Journal of Optometry

159

103

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PURPOSE: Most studies of visual development have concentrated on visual development of infants. Only a few studies have extended this to children and determined the point at which visual function becomes truly adult-like. Yet from a clinical and research perspective it is important to know this. This review paper is a discussion of the development of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity into childhood. METHODS:The literature on subjective (measured with preferential looking or psychophysical methods) and objective (visually-evoked potential) measures of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity was examined with particular emphasis on studies of children over the age of 5 years and those articles that compared different age groups and those that made a comparison with adults. RESULTS: Visual acuity was found to be fully mature between the ages of 5 and the mid teenage years, while contrast sensitivity was found to mature fully between the ages of 8 to 19 years. Thus, there is still no clear answer to the fundamental question of when these basic aspects of visual function mature, but it may be later than previously thought. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to answer this basic question more precisely and objective measures, such as VEP, may be able to answer this question better than psychophysical methods. KEY WORDS: visual development; visual acuity; contrast sensitivity; critical period; visually-evoked potential. RESUMEN OBJETIVO: La mayoría de los estudios sobre desarrollo visual se han centrado en el desarrollo visual de bebés. Sólo unos pocos estudios han ampliado el intervalo de edades estudiadas para incluir a niños y han determinado en qué momento la función visual alcanza un estado verdaderamente equiparable al de un adulto. Sin embargo, desde una perspectiva clínica y de interés científico, es importante conocer este dato. En este artículo de revisión se analiza el desarrollo de la agudeza visual y de la sensibilidad al contraste a lo largo de la infancia. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los artículos científicos existentes sobre medidas de agudeza visual y de sensibilidad al contraste, tanto subjetivas (medidas con la técnica de mirada preferencial o por métodos psicofísicos) como objetivas (potenciales visuales evocados), centrándonos particularmente en aquellos estudios realizados en niños mayores de 5 años y en aquellos artículos donde se compararon diversos grupos de edad entre sí o con un grupo de adultos. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que para la agudeza visual el ojo alcanza un estado plenamente maduro a una edad comprendida entre los 5 y los 15-16 años, mientras que para la sensibilidad al contraste el ojo alcanza la madurez plena a una edad comprendida entre los 8 y los 19 años. Así, todavía no disponemos de una respuesta clara a la pregunta fundamental de cuándo estos aspectos de la función visual acaban de madurar, pero es posible que esto suceda a una edad más tardía de la que se creía hasta ahora. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario realizar más estudios para poder dar una respuesta más precisa a...

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Visual Acuity of the Preschool Child

Cited by 74 publications

References 0 publications

Visual acuity testability and comparability in Australian preschool children: The Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study

Visual acuity testability and comparability in Australian preschool children: The Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study

Development of visual acuity in preschool children as measured with Landolt C and Tumbling E charts

Development of Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Children

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