Visual control of braking: A test of the !ṫ hypothesis.

Yılmaz, Emre; Warren, William H.

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.5.996

Cited by 128 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Note that the visual system need not be sensitive to per se, which depends on detecting an optical acceleration, but could be sensitive to a sufficiently small difference ⌬, which depends on detecting a threshold change in optical velocity. Yilmaz and Warren (1995) experimentally tested several strategies as well as alternative hypotheses based on the simple rate of expansion (␣ ) or computing deceleration from spatial variables. Participants viewed an interactive display of approach to a road sign, with or without a ground plane that added information about speed and distance.…”

Section: Active Stabilization Of a Neutrally Stable System: Brakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of perception and action.

Warren¹

2006

Psychological Review

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689

554

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How might one account for the organization in behavior without attributing it to an internal control structure? The present article develops a theoretical framework called behavioral dynamics that integrates an information-based approach to perception with a dynamical systems approach to action. For a given task, the agent and its environment are treated as a pair of dynamical systems that are coupled mechanically and informationally. Their interactions give rise to the behavioral dynamics, a vector field with attractors that correspond to stable task solutions, repellers that correspond to avoided states, and bifurcations that correspond to behavioral transitions. The framework is used to develop theories of several tasks in which a human agent interacts with the physical environment, including bouncing a ball on a racquet, balancing an object, braking a vehicle, and guiding locomotion. Stable, adaptive behavior emerges from the dynamics of the interaction between a structured environment and an agent with simple control laws, under physical and informational constraints.Keywords: perception and action, perceptual-motor control, dynamical systems, self-organization, locomotionThe organization of behavior has been a central concern of psychology for well over a century. How is it that humans and other animals can generate behavioral patterns that are tightly coordinated with the environment, in the service of achieving a specific goal? This ability to produce stable yet adaptive behavior raises two constituent issues. On the one hand, it implicates the coordination of action, such that the many neuromusculoskeletal components of the body become temporarily organized into an ordered pattern of movement. On the other, it implicates perception, such that information about the world and the body enables appropriate actions to be selected and adapted to environmental conditions. At a basic level, the problem of the organization of behavior is thus synonymous with the problem of perception and action. Moreover, an adequate theory of perceptually controlled action would provide a platform for understanding more "cognitive" behavior such as extended action sequences, anticipatory behavior oriented to remote goals, or predictive behavior that takes account of hidden environmental properties.It seems natural to presume that observed organization in behavior implies ipso facto the existence of a centralized controller-a pattern generator, action plan, or internal model that is responsible for its organization and regulation. Such an assumption has been commonplace in psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and robotics. In each domain, organization in behavior has been attributed to prior organization in the structure of the nervous system (the neuroreductionist view), the structure of internal representations (the cognitivist view), or in the contingencies presented by the environment (the behaviorist view). This is unsatisfying because it merely displaces the original problem of behavioral organization to a preexist...

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Section: Active Stabilization Of a Neutrally Stable System: Brakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of perception and action.

Warren¹

2006

Psychological Review

Self Cite

689

554

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Thus, one might control walking to an object by activating muscle groups so that the image ofthe object remains centered on the fovea and increases in size during locomotion (Gibson, 1958). Similarly, braking can be controlled by the derivative of an optical variable relating to optical expansion (Yilmaz & Warren, 1995), steering can This research was supported by ONR Grant NOOOI4-95-1-0573. These data were presented at the 1995 annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.…”

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confidence: 99%

Visually perceived location is an invariant in the control of action

Philbeck

Loomis

Beall

1997

Perception & Psychophysics

133

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Weprovide experimental evidence that perceived location is an invariant in the control of action, by showing that different actions are directed toward a single visually specified location in space (corresponding to the putative perceived location) and that this single location, although specified by a fixed physical target, varies with the availability of information about the distance of that target. Observers in two conditions varying in the availability of egocentric distance cues viewed targets at 1.5, 3.1, or 6.0 m and then attempted to walk to the target with eyes closed using one ofthree paths; the path was not specified until after vision was occluded. The observers stopped at about the same location regardless of the path taken, providing evidence that action was being controlled by some invariant, ostensibly visually perceived location. That it was indeed perceived location was indicated by the manipulation of information about target distance-the trajectories in the full-cues condition converged near the physical target locations, whereas those in the reduced-cues condition converged at locations consistent with the usual perceptual errors found when distance cues are impoverished.

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“…curve negotiation (Godthelp, 1986) and braking (Yilmaz & Warren, 1995), an in-depth understanding of the processes involved in overtaking is lacking in the research literature. Studies that have been undertaken have tended to focus on drivers' estimations of speed and distance (Jones and Heimstra, 1964;Gordon and Mast, 1970).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could Intelligent Speed Adaptation make overtaking unsafe?

Jamson

Chorlton

Carsten

2012

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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This driving simulator study investigated how mandatory and voluntary ISA might affect a driver's overtaking decisions on rural roads, by presenting drivers with a variety of overtaking scenarios designed to evaluate both the frequency and safety of the manoeuvres. In half the overtaking scenarios, ISA was active and in the remainder ISA was switched off. A rural road was modelled with a number of 2+1 road sections, thus allowing drivers a protected overtaking opportunity. The results indicate that drivers became less inclined to initiate an overtaking manoeuvre when the mandatory ISA was active and this was particularly so when the overtaking opportunity was short. In addition to this, when ISA was activated drivers were more likely to have to abandon an overtaking, presumably due to running out of road. They also spent more time in the critical hatched area -a potentially unsafe behaviour. The quality of the overtaking manoeuvre was also affected when mandatory ISA was active, with drivers pulling out and cutting back in more sharply. In contrast, when driving with a voluntary ISA, overtaking behaviour remained mostly unchanged: drivers disengaged the function in approximately 70% of overtaking scenarios.The results of this study suggest that mandatory ISA could affect the safety of overtaking manoeuvres unless coupled with an adaptation period or other driver support functions that support safe overtaking.

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Visual control of braking: A test of the !ṫ hypothesis.

Cited by 128 publications

References 27 publications

The dynamics of perception and action.

The dynamics of perception and action.

Visually perceived location is an invariant in the control of action

Could Intelligent Speed Adaptation make overtaking unsafe?

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