Visual Discomfort and Visual Fatigue of Stereoscopic Displays: A Review

Lambooij, Mtm Marc; IJsselsteijn, Wijnand A.; Fortuin, MF Marten; Heynderickx, Ingrid

doi:10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2009.53.3.030201

Cited by 915 publications

(675 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Virtual depth perception is achieved by manipulating binocular disparity, which is known as the difference in retinal image location between the left and right eye (Howard and Rogers, 2012). This leads to an important difference between virtual and real depth, that is, the alignment of accommodation and vergence (Lambooij et al, 2009). In real depth, accommodation and vergence are aligned, and both are oriented to the fixated object.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Crowding Using a Real Three-Dimensional Experimental Setup

Eberhardt

Huckauf

2017

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Crowding Using a Real Three-Dimensional Experimental Setup

Eberhardt

Huckauf

2017

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.

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“…There has also been a noticeable increase in exposure to 3D images. Although watching 3D images is known to induce more ocular and systemic fatigue and discomfort, which can be referred to as '3D asthenopia', than watching two-dimensional (2D) images, [1][2][3][4][5] the influence of 3D images on the eyes or other parts of the body and the related mechanisms are not thoroughly understood. In addition, there are no safety guidelines for watching a 3D display.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of stereopsis and abnormal binocular vision on ocular and systemic discomfort while watching 3D television

Cui

et al. 2013

Eye

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Purpose To evaluate the degree of threedimensional (3D) perception and ocular and systemic discomfort in patients with abnormal binocular vision (ABV), and their relationship to stereoacuity while watching a 3D television (TV). Methods Patients with strabismus, amblyopia, or anisometropia older than 9 years were recruited for the ABV group (98 subjects). Normal volunteers were enrolled in the control group (32 subjects). Best-corrected visual acuity, refractive errors, angle of strabismus, and stereoacuity were measured. After watching 3D TV for 20 min, a survey was conducted to evaluate the degree of 3D perception, and ocular and systemic discomfort while watching 3D TV. Results One hundred and thirty subjects were enrolled in this study. The ABV group included 49 patients with strabismus, 22 with amblyopia, and 27 with anisometropia. The ABV group showed worse stereoacuity at near and distant fixation (Po0.001). Ocular and systemic discomfort was, however, not different between the two groups. Fifty-three subjects in the ABV group and all subjects in the control group showed good stereopsis (60 s of arc or better at near), and they reported more dizziness, headache, eye fatigue, and pain (Po0.05) than the other 45 subjects with decreased stereopsis. The subjects with good stereopsis in the ABV group felt more eye fatigue than those in the control group (P ¼ 0.031). The subjects with decreased stereopsis showed more difficulty with 3D perception (Po0.001). ConclusionsThe subjects with abnormal stereopsis showed decreased 3D perception while watching 3D TV. However, ocular and systemic discomfort was more closely related to better stereopsis.

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“…Different studies related to this topic can be found in the literature [16]. In order to feel a realistic three-dimensional sensation, the viewer should receive different slightly separated images for each eye.…”

Section: Camera Setupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lambooij et al [16] studied various causes and aspects of visual discomfort. In order to measure the response of the users to virtual content can be also useful a human study, such as the one performed in [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic content generation for auto-stereoscopic displays

Gonzalez

Sotoca

Pla

et al. 2013

Multimed Tools Appl

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Due to the appearance of auto-stereoscopic visualization as one of the most emerging tendencies used in displays, new content generation techniques for this kind of visualization are required. In this paper we present a study for the generation of multi-view synthetic content, studying several camera setups (planar, cylindrical and hyperbolic) and their configurations. We discuss the different effects obtained varying the parameters of these setups. A study with several users was made to analyze visual perceptions, asking them for their optimal visualization. To create the virtual content, a multiview system has been integrated in a powerful game engine, which allows us to use the latest graphics hardware advances. This integration is detailed and several demos and videos are attached with this paper, which represent a virtual world for auto-stereoscopic displays and the same scenario in a two-view anaglyph representation for being visualized in any conventional display. In all these demos, the parameters studied can be modified offering the possibility of easily appreciate their effects in a virtual scene.

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Visual Discomfort and Visual Fatigue of Stereoscopic Displays: A Review

Abstract: Abstract. Visual discomfort has been the subject of considerable research in relation to

Cited by 915 publications

References 81 publications

Examining Crowding Using a Real Three-Dimensional Experimental Setup

Examining Crowding Using a Real Three-Dimensional Experimental Setup

Influence of stereopsis and abnormal binocular vision on ocular and systemic discomfort while watching 3D television

Synthetic content generation for auto-stereoscopic displays

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