Visual discrimination at varying distances in spanish goats

Blakeman, N.E.; Friend, T.H.

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(86)90120-6

Cited by 31 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…One shape was randomly assigned as the correct shape, and selection of the correct shape by the goat's snout resulted in a food reward. Shape discrimination was chosen to assess cognitive function because goats have been shown to excel at this particular cognitive task (Baldwin, ; Blakeman & Friend, ; Langbein et al . , , , ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilatory and integrated physiological responses to chronic hypercapnia in goats

Burgraff

Neumueller

Buchholz

et al. 2018

The Journal of Physiology

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Respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often lead to chronic hypercapnia which may exacerbate progression of the disease, increase risk of mortality and contribute to comorbidities such as cognitive dysfunction. Determining the contribution of hypercapnia per se to adaptations in ventilation and cognitive dysfunction within this patient population is complicated by the presence of multiple comorbidities. Herein, we sought to determine the role of chronic hypercapnia per se on the temporal pattern of ventilation and the ventilatory CO /H chemoreflex by exposing healthy goats to either room air or an elevated inspired CO (InCO ) of 6% for 30 days. A second objective was to determine whether chronic hypercapnia per se contributes to cognitive dysfunction. During 30 days of exposure to 6% InCO , steady-state (SS) ventilation ( ) initially increased to 335% of control, and then within 1-5 days decreased and stabilized at ∼230% of control. There was an initial respiratory acidosis that was partially mitigated over time due to increased arterial [HCO ]. There was a transient decrease in the ventilatory CO /H chemoreflex, followed by return to pre-exposure levels. The SS during chronic hypercapnia was greater than predicted from the acute CO /H chemoreflex, suggesting separate mechanisms regulating SS and the chemoreflex. Finally, as assessed by a shape discrimination test, we found a sustained decrease in cognitive function during chronic hypercapnia. We conclude that chronic hypercapnia per se results in: (1) a disconnect between SS and the CO /H chemoreflex, and (2) deterioration of cognitive function.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilatory and integrated physiological responses to chronic hypercapnia in goats

Burgraff

Neumueller

Buchholz

et al. 2018

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Goats are likely to use visual and olfactory cues to detect subtle differences between feeds and make feed choices ( 32 , 33 ). Indeed, goats, like sheep, are capable of distinguishing colors and shades of gray ( 34 ), with a visual field about 270° and a binocular field being about 45° ( 35 ). Laboratory experiments have shown that goats possess numerous cognitive capacities (e.g., foraging, navigational or social cognitive capacities, ( 36 ), including the ability to categorize feed items and recall preferred feed types and locations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Browse or browsing: Investigating goat preferences for feeding posture, feeding height and feed type

et al. 2022

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Goats naturally browse different forages in various postures; this differs from typical farm practice, thus there are opportunities to improve goat welfare by understanding what and how they like to eat. We investigated if feeding preference was related to posture, feeder height relative to the ground, and type of feed. Sixteen adult, Saanen cross females participated in two experiments comparing a floor-level feeder (grazing posture; farm standard), with an elevated feeder (browsing posture; Exp1) and a platform-level feeder (raised, grazing posture; Exp2), when two forages (leaves, grass) were offered. Measurements included feed intake (g of DM/feeder), feeder switching frequency, first feeder visited, latency to visit first feeder and exploration and non-feeding activity time. Effects of posture (Exp1), height (Exp2) and feed type were analyzed. Type of feed affected preference for feeding posture and height. All goats consumed leaves over grass (Exp1: POP: 188 ± 6.52 g, GRA: 20.3 ± 7.19 g; Exp2: POP: 191 ± 6.15 g, GRA: 0.231 ± 6.91 g; P < 0.001), and the feeder containing leaves was often visited first (Exp 1: GRA/POP: 94% of visits, P < 0.001, POP/GRA: 53%, P = 0.724; Exp 2: GRA/POP: 91%, P < 0.001; POP/GRA: 69%, P = 0.041). When goats received only leaves, they consumed more from the floor-level (162 ± 22.2 g) vs. elevated level (102 ± 21.9 g) feeder (P = 0.039). When goats received only grass, there was no posture or height preference; however, they changed feeders more frequently (at least 4x (Exp1) and 2x (Exp2) more than other combinations; P > 0.01). Feed intake was negatively affected by exploring time (Exp1 only: r = −0.541; P < 0.001) and performing non-feeding activities (Exp1: r = −0.698; P < 0.001; Exp2: r = −0.673; P < 0.001). We did not identify a preference for elevated feeding posture; however, we suggest that our short test (compared to previous work) encouraged goats to make choices based on line-of-sight and also that the elevated feeder design (replicated from previous work) made leaf access harder. Nonetheless, we highlight that some goats actively used the elevated feeder; this coupled with the clear preference for leaves over grass, suggests that offering feed type and presentation diversity would allow individuals to express their natural feeding behavior more fully.

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“…First, that the observed superior performance of males over females is a true difference in cognitive skills in these tasks. Most of the published goat cognition studies involve subjects from a single sex [e.g., only males (91, 92), only females (18, 19, 23, 25, 28, 93–95)] or both sexes but their performance is not compared (20, 21, 26, 96). In earlier object permanence studies, no sex differences were reported to our knowledge possibly partly because this comparison was not the focus in the majority of studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Search Behavior in Goat (Capra hircus) Kids From Mothers Kept at Different Animal Densities Throughout Pregnancy

2019

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Individual differences in cognitive performance are often reported but factors related to variation within species are rarely addressed. Goats (Capra hircus) have been subjects of many cognitive studies recently but without focus on individual variation. Among others, factors such as prenatal stress and sex of the individual have been proposed as possible explanations for individual variation in cognitive skills. We aimed to study whether prenatal environment, prenatal stress, litter size, sex, and birth weight influences search behavior skills of goat kids. Pregnant Norwegian dairy goats were exposed to different spatial allowance (namely 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 m 2 per animal) within the commercially applied range during pregnancy and their serum cortisol levels were measured six times within this period. Twenty-six of the kids born entered a three-stage searching task with increasing difficulty when they were 6 weeks old. The tasks included finding a bucket of milk: while moving (stage 1), after moving and disappearing behind a curtain (stage 2), and moving behind a displacement device and the device moving behind a curtain while hiding the bucket (stage 3). We found that prenatal animal density had no effect on the search skills of the offspring, while kids with higher prenatal maternal cortisol levels performed better at the highest stage tested: finding an object after single invisible displacement. At this stage, singleton kids and males performed better than twins and females. Birth weight had no effect at this stage. The findings suggest that maternal cortisol in the observed range had a facilitating effect on cognitive development of goat kids.

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Visual discrimination at varying distances in spanish goats

Cited by 31 publications

References 9 publications

Ventilatory and integrated physiological responses to chronic hypercapnia in goats

Ventilatory and integrated physiological responses to chronic hypercapnia in goats

Browse or browsing: Investigating goat preferences for feeding posture, feeding height and feed type

Search Behavior in Goat (Capra hircus) Kids From Mothers Kept at Different Animal Densities Throughout Pregnancy

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