Visual discrimination thresholds for time to arrival

Landwehr, Klaus; Baurès, Robin; Oberfeld, Daniel; Hecht, Heiko

doi:10.3758/s13414-013-0497-y

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, it is not the only interpretation considering the necessary confound that images which approached faster also started from farther away (due to the fully-crossed design) and were on average depicted smaller on the screen as they approached, the effect is quite plausible and again in accordance with a size-arrival effect. Taken together, this suggests that our participants also made use of a bigger-nearer heuristic to judge TTC 24 – 26 .…”

Section: Experiments 1: Contrast Reduction and Blurmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Note, however, that an assessment of velocity and/or distance may or may not be used for TTC estimation 1 , 24 – 26 . The use of optical variables has been demonstrated when observers had to catch a ball of known size 27 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that observers appear flexible at adopting one or another strategy has often caused contention, especially in driving contexts 26 . We hold the view that the visual system uses an adaptive strategy, using a simple cue only if it suffices to guide action, which is often distance or velocity-based 24 , 29 – 31 . For example, in a real driving task, contrast reduction—when noticed—resulted in slower speed traveled, but neither consistently altered verbal estimates of speed nor stopping distances 32 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating time-to-contact when vision is impaired

Hecht

Brendel

Wessels

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Often, we have to rely on limited information when judging time-to-contact (TTC), as for example, when driving in foul weather, or in situations where we would need reading glasses but do not have them handy. However, most existing studies on the ability to judge TTC have worked with optimal visual stimuli. In a prediction motion task, we explored to what extent TTC estimation is affected by visual stimulus degradation. A simple computer-simulated object approached the observer at constant speed either with clear or impaired vision. It was occluded after 1 or 1.5 s. The observers extrapolated the object’s motion and pressed a button when they thought the object would have collided with them. We found that dioptric blur and simulated snowfall shortened TTC-estimates. Contrast reduction produced by a virtual semi-transparent mask lengthened TTC estimates, which could be the result of distance overestimation or speed underestimation induced by the lower contrast or the increased luminance of the mask. We additionally explored the potential influence of arousal and valence, although they played a minor role for basic TTC estimation. Our findings suggest that vision impairments have adverse effects on TTC estimation, depending on the specific type of degradation and the changes of the visual environmental cues which they cause.

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Section: Experiments 1: Contrast Reduction and Blurmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating time-to-contact when vision is impaired

Hecht

Brendel

Wessels

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…For example, if a vehicle is driving in an adjacent lane with the same speed, a driver should assess whether she can change the lane without violating the safety margin of the rearward vehicle. Furthermore, observers might use perceived distance for the computation of TTC in some conditions (for a discussion, Landwehr et al, 2013; Yan et al, 2011). Finally, parking is a specific driving task where the estimation of distances to static objects is more relevant than are dynamic measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ups and Downs of Camera-Monitor Systems: The Effect of Camera Position on Rearward Distance Perception

Bernhard

Hecht

2020

Hum Factors

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Objective This study investigates the effects of different positions of side-mounted rear-view cameras on distance estimation of drivers. Background Camera-monitor systems bring advantages as compared to conventional rear-view mirrors, such as improved aerodynamics and enlarged field-of-view. Applied research has mainly focused on the comparison between cameras and mirrors or on positioning of in-vehicle monitors. However, the positioning of the exterior camera awaits investigation given that the perspective of the observer at does affect depth perception at large. Method In two experiments, a total of 50 students estimated metric distances to static vehicles presented in realistic or 3D-rendered pictures. The pictures depicted the rearward scene of a car following the driver as viewed through a camera at varying vertical and horizontal positions. The following vehicle’s size and environmental information varied among conditions and experiments. Results Lower camera positions led to distance overestimation and higher positions to underestimation. The effect increased as the distance to the following vehicle decreased. Moreover, larger vehicles led to stronger distance underestimation, especially in low camera positions. Interestingly, the main effect of camera position disappeared when the ego-vehicles’ back was visible. Conclusion Different rearward viewpoints affect distance estimation of drivers, especially in close distances. However, a visible reference of one’s own vehicle seems to mostly compensate this effect. Application In general, the rear-view camera should be mounted rather higher and to the front of the vehicle. Also, the vehicle’s back should always be visible. Low camera positions are not recommended.

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“…Even in humans this ability still governs behaviour in everyday traffic and sport, e.g., when driving a car, crossing a road or catching a ball. Previous studies on motion prediction predominantly focused on different tasks (e.g., time-to-arrival, Schiff and Oldak, 1990 ; same-different-discrimination, Kawachi and Gyoba, 2006 ; predicted motion, Prime and Harris, 2010 ) and the visual modality (e.g., DeLucia, 2004 ; Lugtigheid and Welchman, 2011 ; Landwehr et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Audiovisual Motion Prediction in 2D- vs. 3D-Environments

Dittrich

Noesselt

2018

Front. Psychol.

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Predicting motion is essential for many everyday life activities, e.g., in road traffic. Previous studies on motion prediction failed to find consistent results, which might be due to the use of very different stimulus material and behavioural tasks. Here, we directly tested the influence of task (detection, extrapolation) and stimulus features (visual vs. audiovisual and three-dimensional vs. non-three-dimensional) on temporal motion prediction in two psychophysical experiments. In both experiments a ball followed a trajectory toward the observer and temporarily disappeared behind an occluder. In audiovisual conditions a moving white noise (congruent or non-congruent to visual motion direction) was presented concurrently. In experiment 1 the ball reappeared on a predictable or a non-predictable trajectory and participants detected when the ball reappeared. In experiment 2 the ball did not reappear after occlusion and participants judged when the ball would reach a specified position at two possible distances from the occluder (extrapolation task). Both experiments were conducted in three-dimensional space (using stereoscopic screen and polarised glasses) and also without stereoscopic presentation. Participants benefitted from visually predictable trajectories and concurrent sounds during detection. Additionally, visual facilitation was more pronounced for non-3D stimulation during detection task. In contrast, for a more complex extrapolation task group mean results indicated that auditory information impaired motion prediction. However, a post hoc cross-validation procedure (split-half) revealed that participants varied in their ability to use sounds during motion extrapolation. Most participants selectively profited from either near or far extrapolation distances but were impaired for the other one. We propose that interindividual differences in extrapolation efficiency might be the mechanism governing this effect. Together, our results indicate that both a realistic experimental environment and subject-specific differences modulate the ability of audiovisual motion prediction and need to be considered in future research.

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Visual discrimination thresholds for time to arrival

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Estimating time-to-contact when vision is impaired

Estimating time-to-contact when vision is impaired

The Ups and Downs of Camera-Monitor Systems: The Effect of Camera Position on Rearward Distance Perception

Temporal Audiovisual Motion Prediction in 2D- vs. 3D-Environments

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