Visual function in 6 to 7 year‐old children born extremely preterm: a population‐based study

Haugen, Olav H.; Nepstad, Lise; Standal, Odd Arne; Elgen, Irene Bircow; Markestad, Trond

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02020.x

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…O’Connor et al22 reported that 20.5% of preterm eyes become more hyperopic at age 10 years. In accordance with Haugen et al23 our study showed that hypermetropic refractive error was prevalent between 0 D and 3 D rather than >3 D at both visits (Figure 2). High hyperopia was found in only one child, who was affected by microphthalmia and severe ROP, which was treated with cryotherapy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Ocular alignment and refraction in preterm children at 1 and 6 years old

Oum¹,

Donati²,

Cerri³

et al. 2014

OPTH

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PurposeTo investigate cycloplegic refraction and ocular alignment in a population of preterm children at 1 and 6 years old.Patients and methodsWe included 261 preterm infants with a birth weight ≤1,500 g and a gestational age ≤32 weeks; there were 217 preterm infants (group 1), 28 preterm infants with mild retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (group 2), and 16 preterm infants affected by severe ROP (group 3). Each patient underwent retinoscopy, ocular alignment assessment, and fundus examination at 1 and 6 years old.ResultsThe prevalence of refractive errors and ocular alignment abnormalities at 1 year old in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 were, respectively (P<0.05): myopia 18% and 40.6% versus 6.9%; hyperopia 28.6% and 22% versus 39.2%; astigmatism 53.4% and 37.4% versus 53.9%; and strabismus 12.5% and 38% versus 5.3%. At 6 years old, they were, respectively (P<0.05): myopia 10.8% and 28.4% versus 7.4%; hyperopia 48.3% and 40.5% versus 62%; astigmatism 40.9% and 31.1% versus 30.6%; and strabismus 25% and 56.25% versus 11.5%.ConclusionAt 6 years old, we observed increased rates of both hyperopia and strabismus in all groups compared to 1-year-old children. In preterm children with mild and severe ROP, we recorded increased rates of myopia and strabismus versus preterm children without ROP, and the risk of developing these disorders increased significantly with ROP severity. Astigmatism at 1 year old is not predictive of further development during growth. Patients born prematurely should be informed of the possible risks of ocular alterations due to refractive and ocular component changes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Ocular alignment and refraction in preterm children at 1 and 6 years old

Oum¹,

Donati²,

Cerri³

et al. 2014

OPTH

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“…Surprisingly, few children were myopic (3.1%). This was similar to a finding of no myopia in kindergarten children in Denmark (Sandfeld et al 2018) but is low compared to most ROP cohorts (Al Oum et al 2014, Fledelius et al 2015Haugen et al 2012). A high number had astigmatism compared to the studies by Fledelius (Fledelius et al 2015) (14.6%, cylinder ≥ À0.75D) and Sandfeld (Sandfeld et al 2018) (4.3%, cylinder ≥ À1.0D).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Currently, few children in Denmark become visually impaired due to ROP (Jensen 2018), presumably due to advances in treatment, screening and postnatal care, even though more extremely preterm children survive. A Danish study of children born at gestational age ≤ 28 weeks showed that cerebral damage was a more frequent cause of vision impairment than was ROP (Slidsborg et al 2012), which is in agreement with other studies of preterm children (Boonstra et al 2012;Haugen et al 2012;Siatkowski et al 2013;Holmstrom et al 2014;Leung et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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As‐indicated versus routine vision screening of preterm children: a 17‐year retrospective regional study

Welinder

Bender

Eriksen

et al. 2019

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Purpose To investigate outcomes of routine vision screening compared to as‐indicated ophthalmological investigation of all children born preterm in a Danish region from 1997 to 2014. Methods All children born preterm (gestation age < 32 weeks or birthweight < 1500 g) screened for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were divided into two groups. From 1997 to 2009, only children treated for ROP or referred for visual problems received ophthalmological investigation (as‐indicated group). From 2010 to 2014, all ROP‐screened infants were offered ophthalmological investigation at 6 months and 3 years of age (screening group). Results A total of 560 children were included in the as‐indicated period, 41 and 87 were referred for ophthalmological investigation at 6 months and 3 years, respectively. In the screening period, 295 children were included, 251 and 150 of whom underwent vision evaluation at 6 months and 3 years, respectively. Mean visual acuity was 4.1 cycles per degree with Teller acuity cards at 6 months and 0.78 decimal at 3 years. At 3 years, 2.7%(n = 11) in the as‐indicated versus 3.5%(n = 10) screening group had visual acuity < 6/18 (p = 0.24). Cerebral palsy (n = 28) and epilepsy (n = 5) were significantly related to vision impairment (p = 0.001/0.006), while treated ROP was not (n = 13). Refractive error was common at 3 years (61%), especially astigmatism (50%). Gestational age, birthweight and ROP were not associated with vision impairment or refractive error. Conclusion Screening preterm children at 6 months and 3 years did not reveal more visually impaired children compared to examination when indicated.

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“…2,24,25 Preterm infants with prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation may become dependent on the ventilator. 2 In addition, prolonged mechanical ventilation increases the risk for chronic lung disease.…”

Section: Chronic Lung Disease Subglottic Stenosis Retinopathy Of Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation: Challenges to Nurses and Outcome in Extremely Preterm Babies

Joseph

2015

Critical Care Nurse

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Worldwide, about 15 million infants are born prematurely each year. Technological advances, including invasive mechanical ventilation, play a major role in the survival of extremely preterm babies. Those who survive may have prolonged morbid conditions that result in long-term sequelae. Nurses face several challenges during the hospitalization of these infants. Vigilant care, monitoring, and careful handling of the infants can prevent infections and long-term complications. Newer, less invasive technologies are promising for improved outcomes in extremely preterm infants. (Critical Care Nurse. 2015;35[4]:58-66)

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Visual function in 6 to 7 year‐old children born extremely preterm: a population‐based study

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Ocular alignment and refraction in preterm children at 1 and 6 years old

Ocular alignment and refraction in preterm children at 1 and 6 years old

As‐indicated versus routine vision screening of preterm children: a 17‐year retrospective regional study

Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation: Challenges to Nurses and Outcome in Extremely Preterm Babies

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