“…This problem is very challenging under active research, over the past few years, particularly with the increase in the number of images and datasets that are publicly available on the Internet, which provide an opportunity for research in predicting the geographic location of images. Due to the possibility of various applications in landmark recognition [1][2][3], urban reconstruction [4], place recognition [5][6][7], visual navigation [8,9], building recognition [10,11], and robot vision [12,13], attention from the research community has been drawn to the location estimation of images [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] over the past decade.…”