Visual optics in the cat, including posterior nodal distance and retinal landmarks

Vakkur, G.J.; Bishop, Peter; Kozak, W

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(63)90004-x

Cited by 188 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…a proxy of visual acuity or visual resolution) using eye size and retinal ganglion cell density (Hughes, 1977). First, we multiplied eye axial length by 0.60 (following Hughes, 1977;Martin, 1993) as an estimate of posterior nodal distance (PND; length from the posterior nodal point of the eye to the photoreceptor layer; Vakkur et al, 1963). We then calculated the retinal magnification factor (RMF, the linear distance on the retina subtending 1 deg of visual space; Pettigrew et al, 1988) by using the following equation: RMF=2πPND/360.…”

Section: Eye Size Retinal Ganglion Cell Density and Visual Acuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision in avian emberizid foragers: maximizing both binocular vision and fronto-lateral visual acuity

Moore

Pita

Tyrrell

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Avian species vary in their visual system configuration, but previous studies have often compared single visual traits between two to three distantly related species. However, birds use different visual dimensions that cannot be maximized simultaneously to meet different perceptual demands, potentially leading to trade-offs between visual traits. We studied the degree of inter-specific variation in multiple visual traits related to foraging and anti-predator behaviors in nine species of closely related emberizid sparrows, controlling for phylogenetic effects.

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Section: Eye Size Retinal Ganglion Cell Density and Visual Acuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision in avian emberizid foragers: maximizing both binocular vision and fronto-lateral visual acuity

Moore

Pita

Tyrrell

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The optic disk of each eye was periodically projected onto the visual display with a reversible ophthalmoscope and its position was recorded. We used these measurements to estimate receptive field locations with respect to the area centralis (Vakkur et al, 1963;Nikara et al, 1968;Milleret et al, 1988).…”

Section: Physiological Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separate Spatial Scales Determine Neural Activity-Dependent Changes in Tissue Oxygen within Central Visual Pathways

Thompson

Peterson²,

Freeman³

2005

J. Neurosci.

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The relationship between oxygen levels and neural activity in the brain is fundamental to functional neuroimaging techniques. We have examined this relationship on a fine spatial scale in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex of the cat using a microelectrode sensor that provides simultaneous colocalized measurements of oxygen partial pressure in tissue (tissue oxygen) and multiunit neural activity. In previous work with this sensor, we found that changes in tissue oxygen depend strongly on the location and spatial extent of neural activation. Specifically, focal neural activity near the microelectrode elicited decreases in tissue oxygen, whereas spatially extended activation, outside the field of view of our sensor, yielded mainly increases. In the current study, we report an expanded set of measurements to quantify the spatiotemporal relationship between neural responses and changes in tissue oxygen. For the purpose of data analysis, we develop a quantitative model that assumes that changes in tissue oxygen are composed of two response components (one positive and one negative) with magnitudes determined by neural activity on separate spatial scales. Our measurements from visual cortex and the LGN are consistent with this model and suggest that the positive response spreads over a distance of 1-2 mm, whereas the negative component is confined to a few hundred micrometers. These results are directly relevant to the mechanisms that generate functional brain imaging signals and place limits on their spatial properties.

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“…Based on the schematic eye derived for the cat by Vakkur and Bishop (1963) and Vakkur, Bishop, and Kozak (1963), it is clear that the cat possesses a relatively large eyeball with a broadly curved cornea, a disproportionately large pupil and a globular shaped lens situated rather deep posteriorly within the eye. These structural adaptations endow the eat's eye with a great light-gathering capacity, and it is estimated that for a given object intensity, retinal illumination is 5.2 times greater in the cat than in the human (Vakkur & Bishop, 1963).…”

Section: Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The visual system of the cat

Blake¹

1979

Perception & Psychophysics

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Visual optics in the cat, including posterior nodal distance and retinal landmarks

Cited by 188 publications

References 30 publications

Vision in avian emberizid foragers: maximizing both binocular vision and fronto-lateral visual acuity

Vision in avian emberizid foragers: maximizing both binocular vision and fronto-lateral visual acuity

Separate Spatial Scales Determine Neural Activity-Dependent Changes in Tissue Oxygen within Central Visual Pathways

The visual system of the cat

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