Visual Pathway

Remington, Lee Ann

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1926-0.10013-x

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, the more state anxiety reported during the scan, the greater functional connectivity was observed between the posterior cerebellum (Crus I) and visual association cortices. This finding suggests that in PTSD, as state anxiety symptoms increase, the posterior cerebellum demonstrates increased connectivity with areas dedicated to processing and recognizing forms and shapes in the surroundings (Remington, ), perhaps shaping a behavioral response in case of threat. The heightened hyperarousal or defensive posturing centrally characterizing PTSD may play a key role in promoting brain connections that facilitate the ability of the individual to scan the environment for safety, a characteristic that seems to persist even at rest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The cerebellum after trauma: Resting‐state functional connectivity of the cerebellum in posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype

Rabellino

Densmore

Théberge

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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The cerebellum plays a key role not only in motor function but also in affect and cognition. Although several psychopathological disorders have been associated with overall cerebellar dysfunction, it remains unclear whether different regions of the cerebellum contribute uniquely to psychopathology. Accordingly, we compared seed-based resting-state functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum (lobule IV-V), of the posterior cerebellum (Crus I), and of the anterior vermis across posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 65), its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS; n = 37), and non-trauma-exposed healthy controls (HC; n = 47). Here, we observed decreased functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum and anterior vermis with brain regions involved in somatosensory processing, multisensory integration, and bodily self-consciousness (temporo-parietal junction, postcentral gyrus, and superior parietal lobule) in PTSD + DS as compared to PTSD and HC. Moreover, the PTSD + DS group showed increased functional connectivity of the posterior cerebellum with cortical areas related to emotion regulation (ventromedial prefrontal and orbito-frontal cortex, subgenual anterior cingulum) as compared to PTSD. By contrast, PTSD showed increased functional connectivity of the anterior cerebellum with cortical areas associated with visual processing (fusiform gyrus), interoceptive awareness (posterior insula), memory retrieval, and contextual processing (hippocampus) as compared to HC. Finally, we observed decreased functional connectivity between the posterior cerebellum and prefrontal regions involved in emotion regulation, in PTSD as compared to HC. These findings not only highlight the crucial role of each cerebellar region examined in the psychopathology of PTSD but also reveal unique alterations in functional connectivity distinguishing the dissociative subtype of PTSD versus PTSD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The cerebellum after trauma: Resting‐state functional connectivity of the cerebellum in posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype

Rabellino

Densmore

Théberge

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Finally, the optic nerve trunks are encased in meninges ( Figure 5) and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid. 35 The optic nerve meninges in the orbit (extracranial) fuse with the sclera, while the optic nerve meninges inside the optic canal are continuous with the meninges that cover the outer surface of the brain. In summary, the optic nerves are most closely related in origin and structure to white matter tracts in the spinal cord rather than to other peripheral (extracranial) nerves.…”

Section: Extracranial Constituents Of the Extraocular Visual Sensory mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,56 The primary visual and secondary visual cortices are connected to the corresponding brain areas in the contralateral hemisphere by white matter tracts in the caudal portion of the corpus callosum. 35 Primary visual cortex (V1) or "striate cortex" (so called due to the prominence of cortical neuron layer 4 in this area relative to other portions of the occipital cerebral cortex 44 ) is localized primarily on the lateral side in rodents and carnivores but is concentrated on the medial side with some spillover to the lateral side in primates. 7,34 In primates, V1 is divided by the calcarine fissure into upper (cuneus gyrus) and lower (lingual gyrus) parts.…”

Section: Intracranial Constituents Of the Visual Sensory Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RC (the amniote equivalent to the optic tectum in phylogenetically lower vertebrates) is a dorsal midbrain nucleus that modifies eye movements related to focusing on environmental objects within the range of view. 35,44 This multilayered nucleus has superficial, intermediate (central), and periventricular zones comprised of 7 layers (when viewed using special stains). The superficial zone is comprised of 3 neuronal laminae that are innervated in retinotopic fashion, being targeted by approximately 10% of RGCs from rod-rich regions of the peripheral retina (with axons from the ipsilateral retina arriving rostrally while those from the contralateral eye are distributed caudally).…”

Section: Saccadic Eye Movements and Pupillary Muscle Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…54 Secondary (or associative) visual cortex consists of several regions (designated as zones V2, V3, V4, and V5) that receive visual sensory information from zone V1 and then subject it to further processing and integration to allow the brain to determine and implement appropriate motor responses to visual sensory information. 35,55 Integration of information by the various secondary visual cortex zones is conducted through massively parallel processing. 7,56 The primary visual and secondary visual cortices are connected to the corresponding brain areas in the contralateral hemisphere by white matter tracts in the caudal portion of the corpus callosum.…”

Section: Extraocular Visual Sensory Pathways—normal Neurobiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuroanatomy and Sampling of Central Projections for the Visual System in Mammals Used in Toxicity Testing

Muthuswamy

Pardo

Rao³

et al. 2020

Toxicol Pathol

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Visual system toxicity may manifest anywhere in the visual system, from the eye proper to the visual brain. Therefore, effective screening for visual system toxicity must evaluate not only ocular structures (ie, eye and optic nerve) but also multiple key brain regions involved in vision (eg, optic tract, subcortical relay nuclei, and primary and secondary visual cortices). Despite a generally comparable pattern across species, the neuroanatomic organization and function of the visual brain in rodents and rabbits exhibit appreciable differences relative to nonrodents. Currently recognized sampling practices for general toxicity studies in animals, which are based on easily discerned external neuroanatomic landmarks and guided by extant stereotaxic brain atlases, typically will permit histopathologic evaluation of many brain centers involved in visual sensation (eg, optic chiasm, optic tract, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, primary and secondary visual cortices) and often some subcortical brain nuclei involved in light-modulated nonvisual activities needed for visual attention and orientation (eg, rostral colliculus in quadrupeds, termed the superior colliculus in bipeds; several cranial nerve nuclei). Pathologic findings induced by toxicants in the visual brain centers are similar to those that are produced in other brain regions.

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Neuromorphic Motion Detection and Orientation Selectivity by Volatile Resistive Switching Memories

Wang

Covi

Milozzi

et al. 2020

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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Motion detection is a primary visual function, crucial for the survival of animals in nature. Direction‐selective (DS) neurons can be found in multiple locations in the visual neural system, both in the retina and in the visual cortex. For instance, the DS ganglion cell in the retina provides a real‐time response to moving objects, which is much faster than the image recognition executed in the visual cortex. Such in‐retina biological signal processing capability is enabled by the spatiotemporal correlation within different receptive fields of the DS ganglion cells. Taking inspiration from the biological DS ganglion cells in the retina, the motion detection is demonstrated in an artificial neural network made of volatile resistive switching devices with short‐term memory effects. The motion detection arises from the spatiotemporal correlation between the adjacent excitatory and inhibitory receptive fields with short‐term memory synapses, closely resembling the physiological response of DS ganglion cells in the retina. The work supports real‐time neuromorphic processing of sensor data by exploiting the unique physics of innovative memory devices.

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Visual Pathway

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

The cerebellum after trauma: Resting‐state functional connectivity of the cerebellum in posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype

The cerebellum after trauma: Resting‐state functional connectivity of the cerebellum in posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype

Neuroanatomy and Sampling of Central Projections for the Visual System in Mammals Used in Toxicity Testing

Neuromorphic Motion Detection and Orientation Selectivity by Volatile Resistive Switching Memories

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